LECTURE : 23B41MA111PSL1

PROGRAMME : BBA

COURSE TITLE : Foundation of

Business Mathematics
LECTURE TITLE : FRACTION &
PERCENTAGES
FACULTY NAME : Dr. Parul Singh
Foundation of Business
Mathematics
 FRACTION &
PERCENTAGES
(Module 2)
Topics Of Today’s Lecture

• Fraction
• Types of fraction
• Solved problems on fraction
• Percentages
• Solved problems on
Percentage
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On completion of the lecture, you will be ab

• Explain Fraction & Percentage

• Solve the problems on Percentage
& fraction
• Apply these concepts on similar
problems
 Fractions?
 Identify types of fractions
 Convert an improper fraction
to a whole or mixed number
 Convert a whole or mixed
number to an improper
fraction
 Reduce a fraction to lowest
terms
 Raise a fraction to highest
terms
Identify Types of Fractions
 A fraction is used to identify
parts of a whole. It describes
the relationship between the
part and the whole.
 There are four parts: and
one is shaded white or 1 in 4
which is ¼.
 KEY WORDS
 Denominator - the number
appearing below the fraction line.
 Numerator - the number appearing
above the fraction line.
 Fraction line - horizontal line
dividing numerator and denominator.
 Proper fraction - a fraction has a
value than is less than “1” (⅔, for
example.)
Look at the Fraction

⅔
 2 is the numerator
 3 is the denominator

 Is it a proper fraction?
Yes, because the value of
the fraction is
less than “1”.
 Identify the fraction

¾

What part of the area is shaded

blue?
The fraction is 3/7.
Improper fraction
The numerator is a greater
value than the denominator,
and therefore is greater than
“1”.

• Proper or improper?
• 10/4
• 6/7
• 9/8
 Try these examples

1. 120/10
2. 12
3. 119/3
4. 39 ⅔
5. 135/4
6. 33 ¾
Write a mixed number as an improper fraction
 Find the numerator of the improper
fraction.
 Multiply the denominator of the
mixed number by the whole number
part.
 Add the product from the previous
step to the numerator of the mixed
number.
 Use the denominator of the mixed
number
 Look at this example
Convert 10 ¾ to an improper fraction
 The numerator of the fraction is “3.”
 Multiply the whole number, which is
“10” by the denominator which is “4”;
the result is 40.
 Add the numerator to product; 40 + 3
= 43.
 Retain the same denominator.
 43/4 is the improper fraction
equivalent.
Reduce a fraction to lowest terms
 Inspect the numerator and
denominator to find any whole
number by which both can be evenly
divided.
 Carry out the operation until there is
no one number that both can be
evenly divided by.
 Tip: Check if the denominator can
be divided by the numerator: 3/15,
for example, can be reduced to 1/5
when 3 is divided into 15.
Reduce to lowest terms

 24/40

 3/5
 27/63

 3/7
 21/147
 1/7
 Find the greatest common
divisor of two numbers
 The most direct way to reduce a
fraction to lowest terms is to use
the GCD.
 The GCD is the largest number by
which the denominator and the
numerator can be evenly divided.
 For example, the GCD of 15 and
20 is 5. Any number greater than 5
would result in a quotient with a
remainder.
 How to find the GCD
• For example: find the GCD of 42 and
28.

• Divide the larger number by the

smaller number: 42 divided by 28 = 1
R 14

• Divide the divisor by the remainder of

the previous operation (28) by (14)
• 28 divided by 14 = 2 R 0.

• When the R = 0, the divisor from that

operation (14, in this case) is the
GCD.
 Try these examples

 30, 36
 GCD = 6
 30, 125
 GCD = 5
 17, 51
 GCD =17
Converting Fraction to Decimals

 The denominator is the divisor and

the numerator is the dividend. To
reduce fractions into decimal, we
simply perform division
 we want to change 3/4 into

decimal, we divide 3 by 4
Converting Fraction to
Percent
To convert fractions to
percent, we change the
fraction into decimal (by
performing division like what
we did a while ago) and
move the decimal point two
places to the right, then affix
the percent symbol (%).
 Question
Q1. In a class of 90
students, 1/3rd of the
students do not like
cricket. How many
students like cricket?
• Fraction of students that do not like
cricket = 1/3
• Fraction of student that like cricket =
1 – 1/3
= (3 – 1)/3
= 2/3rd students like cricket.
 Countinue ...

• Number of students that

like cricket = 2/3 × 90
= (2 × 30)
= 60
• Therefore, 60 students
like cricket.
Q2. A business partnership
consists of three partners: A,
B, and C. The profits from
the business are distributed
according to the following
fractions of the total profit:
• Partner A receives 1/2​of the
profit.
• Partner B receives 1/3​of the
profit.
• Partner C receives the remaining
portion.
If the total profit of the business
is Rs 90,000, how much profit
SOLUTION APPROACH:
• Determine Partner C's
Share: Since Partner A and
Partner B have ½ and 1/3 ​of the
total profit, the combined share of A
and B is:
½ +1/3
• To add these fractions, find a
common denominator (the least
common denominator is 6):
• ½ ​= 3/6 ​, 1/3 ​= 2​/6
 Cont......
• So, the total share of A and
B is:
• 3/6+2/6=5/6
• Partner C receives the remaining
fraction:
• 1 − 5/6 ​= 1​/6
• Calculate Each Partner's
Profit:
• Partner A receives
1/2×90,000=45,000
 Cont......

• Partner B receives
1/3×90,000=30,000
• Partner C receives
1/6×90,000=15,000
What is a percentage

A percentage is the top part of a

fraction whose bottom part is 100.
Percentages are useful because
they make it very easy to compare
things.
Introduction of percentage
• Percentage is divided into two
• 1. Per means Each and 2.Cent means
Hundred
In Latin Percentage means ‘Out of One
hundred’
• We all daily across with this
terminology
• In Internet
• In Shops
• In Media
• In Advertisement
• Whole thing must be divided into equal
100 parts, then each part represent
1%
 Concept
• Percent or Percentage can be explained as

• It is a fraction whose denominator is 100 and

numerator is definite quantity, which is called
the rate percent
• Number expressed as a fraction of one
hundred is known as percentage
• Percentage is a ratio, the consequent of
which is 100 and the antecedent is the rate
percent
• P/Q = 2/100
• 2= Antecedent and 100 = Consequent
 The three parts of a
percent problem
The base is the whole in a
percent problem
The amount is a part of the
whole
The percent (or rate) is the
ratio of the amount to the
base, written as a percent
 The three parts of a
percent problem
Calculate the 20% of 800:

So 160 is the 20% of 800

In this example 160 is the
amount, 800 is the base and
20 is the percent.
 Converting Fraction to Decimals
 Exercise
Identify base, amount and
percent in the following
examples:
21 is the 70% of 30
36 is the 60% of 60
AMOUNT BASE PERCENTAGE
How to calculate
 Example

The amount is 15, the base is

60, calculate the percent?
Example
 Example
• Q1. Total Class Strength =250 ,Today 200
students are attending classes. Calculate
Percentage of Present and Absent
Students?

Q2. Advik scored 42 marks out of 50 marks

in Mathematics
• Calculate how much percentage Advik
got in mathematics subject.
• If paper is of 100 marks how much
Advik will score ?
Percentage Example
• Problem 1: Profit Percentage
Calculation
A company sells a product for
Rs200. The cost price of the
product is Rs150.
• What is the percentage profit the
company makes on the sale of
one product?
• If the company sells 1,000 units
of the product, what is the total
profit?
• Solution Approach:
• Profit Percentage Calculation:
The profit is the difference
between the selling price and the
cost price:

Profit=Selling Price−Cost Price=2

00−150=50
• To calculate the percentage profit:
• Profit Percentage=(Profit/
Cost Price​)×100=(50/100​
)×100=33.33%
• Solution Approach:
• Total Profit for 1,000 Units
Sold: If the company sells 1,000
units, the total profit is:
• Total Profit=Profit per unit×Numb
er of Units Sold=50×1,000=50,00
0
Practical Example- Financial Decision-making
• Title: Example: Understanding Loan
Interest Rate
• Loan Calculation Example:

Suppose, a loan of ₹ 100,000 with an

interest rate of 5% per year.

The interest is calculated as:

Interest = 100,000×0.05=5,000
After 1 year,

The total amount to repay will be ₹

105,000.
 Problem on SALES TAX CALCULATION

Q: A product is priced at Rs250

before tax. The sales tax rate is
8%.
What is the amount of sales tax
on the product?
What is the total price after tax?
• Solution Approach:
• Sales Tax Calculation
Sales Tax=8%×250
=0.08×250
=20
• Total Price After Tax:
Total Price After Tax=Original Price+
Sales tax
=250+20=270
 Solved Problem
Q: A reduction of 10% in the price
of tea enables a dealer to
purchase 25 kg more tea for
Rs22500. What is the reduced
price per kg of tea? Also, find the
original price per kg.
• Solution: 10% of Rs22500 =
10/100× 22500
∴ Reduced price of 25 kg tea =
Rs2250
∴ Reduced price per kg = 2250/25
= Rs90 per kg.
Since, the reduction was 10% so
the original price = Rs100 per kg
 Problem on Financial Decision-making

• Title: Example: Understanding Loan

Interest Rate
• Loan Calculation Example:

Suppose, a loan of ₹ 100,000 with an

interest rate of 5% per year.

The interest is calculated as:

Interest = 100,000×0.05=5,000
After 1 year,

The total amount to repay will be ₹

105,000.
 Key Points

• Number Systems: Binary, Decimal, Octal,

Hexadecimal have diverse applications,
especially in computing and technology.
• Fractions and Percentages: Used widely in
business, finance, and accounting for decision-
making and performance evaluation.
• Real-time Application: Understanding these
concepts is essential for analyzing business
metrics, making informed financial decisions,
and solving problems in the real world.