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Dosage Forms

The document outlines various dosage forms and routes of administration for medications, including oral, parenteral, transdermal, sublingual, and intranasal methods. It details solid, liquid, and gel oral dosage forms, highlighting specific types such as tablets, capsules, and solutions, along with their characteristics and advantages. Additionally, it discusses the benefits and drawbacks of oral drug delivery systems, as well as the time required for effects based on different routes of administration.

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6 views

Dosage Forms

The document outlines various dosage forms and routes of administration for medications, including oral, parenteral, transdermal, sublingual, and intranasal methods. It details solid, liquid, and gel oral dosage forms, highlighting specific types such as tablets, capsules, and solutions, along with their characteristics and advantages. Additionally, it discusses the benefits and drawbacks of oral drug delivery systems, as well as the time required for effects based on different routes of administration.

Uploaded by

sandhyapandey8460
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DOSAGE FORMS

Dr. Sankeerth Chanamolu


Routes of administration

Oral

Parenteral

Transdermal

Sublingual

Intra nasal
ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
WILL BE PREPARED IN SOLID AND LIQUID FORMS

TABLETS

POWDERS

CAPSULES

SUSPENSIONS

SOLUTIONS

EMULSIONS

ELIXIRS

SYRUPS

MAGMAS

CACHETS

GELS
Why do we use medicines with binding agents:

• Drug handling and Accurate dosing can be difficult or impossible (e.g.,


potent drugs: low mg and µg doses).
• Drug administration can be impractical/unfeasible because of size, shape,
smell/odour, taste and low activity.
Some API are chemically unstable in light, moisture, O2
• Drug can be degraded at the site of administration (e.g., low pH in stomach).
• Drug may cause local irritations or injury when they are present at high
concentrations at the site of administration.
ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

Solid oral dosage forms Liquid oral dosage forms Gel oral dosage forms

Tablets Solutions
Capsules
Suspensions
Powder
Dry Mixtures
Granules for solution
Chachets
› Solid Oral Dosage forms

TABLETS:
› These are Solid dosage forms which are produced by compressing the drug along with diluents.

Types:

• Uncoated:
Simple compressed tablets e.g.: Aspirin tablets.

• Sugar coated:
Tablets coated with sugar to avoid the bitter taste
of ingredients, e.g. Chloroquine.
• Enteric coated tablets:
 The coating is made up of cellulose acid phthalate(CAP), shellac or
keratin.
 This coating is resistant to gastric acid but dissolves in alkaline pH
of the intestine.
 The active drug is thus protected from destruction at acidic pH and
the incidence of gastric adverse effects is avoided e.g. Diclofenac EC
25 mg. (Diclofenac enteric coated tablet.)
• Film coated tablets:
Transparent coating is done by gelatine or cellulose
derivatives so that unpleasant taste gets masked

• Extended release tablets:


Aggregated drug particles have individual
coating with different type of resins dissolving
at different time intervals.
Such tablets provide uniform and sustained release.
Hence also have lower incidence of side effects,
e.g. Nitroglycerin CR, Diclofenac SR.
• Dispersible tablet:
This disintegrates within 2-3 minutes, e.g. Aspirin, domperidone.

› CAPSULES:
These are tasteless gelatin containers of approved size, having powdered
drug and excipient, e.g. Soft gelatin (cod liver oil) and hard gelatin
capsules.
• Effervescent tablet:
This disintegrates faster due to internal generation of CO, when added
to water. The active ingredients in the Effervescent tablet also go into the
solution within 2-3 minutes, e.g Gastrofiz tablets
SPANSULES:
Longer acting capsules prepared by encapsulating the active
ingredients in coatings of different thickness. These small pellets are
then packed in the two-piece gelatin shell, e.g. Dextroamphetamine

LOZENGES:
They are tablet like preparations containing
the active ingredients in a suitably flavoured base
designed to dissolve in the mouth while sucking,
e.g. Dextromethorphan lozenges.
Chewable tablets:
Usually pleasant tasting , larger in size and are meant to be chewed so they disintegrate in
the mouth
Produce rapid effect after swallowing.

Sub Lingual tablets :


These are smaller size tablets which are placed in buccal pouch
or below the tongue.
Active ingredients are directly observed through mucous layer into
circulation.
 GRANULES:
Small irregular particles of 0.5mm-2mm aggregated together by a
Binding agent and supplied in single sachet.
e.g. Calcitrol

 CHACHET:
It’s made of 2 conclave pieces of wafer made of flour and water filled with drug and sealed
tightly by moistening the margins and pressing firmly. This becomes soft when comes it
comes in contact with water. E.g Vit E tablets
POWDER FORM

a)Simple powder: Contains only one ingredient,


e.g. Glucose powder

b) Compound powder: Contains two or more active


ingredients

c) Granular effervescent powder : drug with mixture


of acid and alkali which after dissolving in
water release co2, e.g ENO
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
Solutions
• Syrup :
Drug in concentrated solution of sugar plus flavoring agents, e.g. vitamin syrup.

• Linctus :
Viscous liquid syrup containing with some demulcent
like Menthol, e.g. linctus codeine.
• Elixir :
Sweetened and flavoured solution containing not more than 20% alcohol. Elixir is more
fluid than syrups,
e.g. Antihistaminic elixirs such as Chlorpheniramine.

• Tincture :
Alcoholic solution of the vegetable drugs. They usually contain 70-90%
alcohol. Eg. Tinct belladona
Suspensions

Mixture:
• These are solid drugs, soluble or insoluble dispersed
homogeneously in vehicle meant for internal use.
• Insoluble particles are suspended by using suitable suspending agent
and such mixture is to be labeled as 'shake well before use’.
e.g. Milk Of Magnesia

Emulsion:
A mixture of two immiscible liquids,
one of which is dispersed uniformly throughout the other
with the help of emulsifying agent
Eg. Liquid Parrafin
› Gel Formations : Benzocaine oral gel for mouth pain

› Advantage of oral drug delivery system :


It’s Safe, more convenient to administer.
Does not need assistance and the medicament need not be sterile.
Appropriate for any age of patient

› Disadvantages of oral drug delivery system:


Produces slower onset of action and not suitable for emergencies.
Drugs are subject to first pass metabolism.
Bioavailability may be less.
Topical:

• Topical application is used when a local effect of the drug


is desired.
• Used for most dermatologic and ophthalmologic
preparations.
• Cotrimoxazole applied as a cream to the skin in the
treatment of dermatophytosis.
• Atropine is instilled directly into the eye to dilate the pupil
and permit measurement of refractive errors
Time until effect of different routes and dosage
form:-
• Intravenous 30-60 seconds
• Inhalation 2-3 minutes
• Sublingual 3-5 minutes
• Intramuscular 10-20 minutes
• Subcutaneous 15-30 minutes
• Rectal 5-30 minutes
• Oral 30-90 minutes
• Transdermal and topical are variable (mins to
hrs)
THANKYOU

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