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Carbohydrates

The document provides an overview of carbohydrates, including their structure, classification, properties, and biological significance. It details the types of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, along with examples and their food sources. Additionally, it discusses stereochemistry, isomerism, and methods for representing carbohydrates like Fischer and Haworth projections.

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Basheer Ahmed
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9 views35 pages

Carbohydrates

The document provides an overview of carbohydrates, including their structure, classification, properties, and biological significance. It details the types of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, along with examples and their food sources. Additionally, it discusses stereochemistry, isomerism, and methods for representing carbohydrates like Fischer and Haworth projections.

Uploaded by

Basheer Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Carbohydrate

Biochemistry
Faisal Nabi
Carbohydrate
In the end of session learner will be able:

• Structure of carbohydrate
• Classification of carbohydrate
• Properties of carbohydrate
• Biological significance of carbohydrate
Carbohydrate

• Carbohydrate literary means hydrates of


carbon.
• Carbohydrate are composed of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. Ratio of hydrogen and
oxygen is same as in water.
• Carbohydrate polyhydroxy aldehydes or
ketones or complex substances on hydrolysis
yield polydroxy or ketones subunits.
Compounds contain C, H, O with general
formula of Cm(H2O)n
• All have C=O and -OH functional groups
• Classified based on
• Size of base carbon chain
• Number of sugar unit
• Location of C=O group
• Stereochemistry
Exception
• General Formula Cn (H O)n
2

• Carbohydrate with different formula


• Uronic Acid C5 H9 O7
• Fucose C7 H12 O5
• Noncharbohydrates with formula of
carbohydrate
• Formaldehyde C H2 O
• Inositol Cn(H2O)n
Examples of Carbohydrates
• Glucose: major metabolic fuel of mammals
• Glycogen: Storage in animals
• Starch: storage in plants
• Cellulose: structure in plants & paper
• Chitin: Structure in arthropods
• Ribose: RNA, ATP, NAD
• Deoxyribose: DNA
• Lactose: Milk
Food high in Carbohydrates
• Sweet
• Soft Drinks
• Breads
• Beans, Peas
• Cereals, Rice, Maize, Barely, Wheat, Corn
• Dates, blueberry, banana, grapes, apple,
orange, pineapple & etc.
• Macaroni, potato, carrot
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Glucose: Aldehyde Maltose Starch

Fructose: Ketone Sucrose Glycogen

Galactose: lactose Lactose Cellulose


Types of Carbohydrates
• Classification based on the number of sugar
units in the total chain.
• Monosaccharides Single sugar
• Disaccharides Two sugar units
• Trisachcarides Three sugar units
• Oligosaccharides up to 10/13/
sugar units
• Polysaccharides > 13 sugar units
Monosaccharide
• Simplest, colorless, water soluble, sweet &
crystalline Solids
• They can be classified in according to three
different ways
1. Placement of C—O group (Aldo, Keto)
2. No of C atoms (tri, tetra, penta)
3. Chiral carbon handedness (D,L)
4. Rotation of plane polarized light (d, l)
Placement of CO Group
• Aldoses: Aldehyde Group
• Ketoses: Ketone Group

No of Carbon Atoms
• Triose
• Tetrose
• Pentose
• Hexose
• Heptose
Mono & Di ends in (ose)
• Mono & Di also called sugars
• Blood sugar: glucose
• Table sugar: sucrose= glucose + fructose
• Milk sugar: Lactose = galactose + glucose
• Maltose : glucose + glucose
Isomerism
• In chemistry isomers means compound with
same molecular formula but different
structural formulas.

• Structural isomerism
• Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism
• Same structural Formula
• Differ in spatial configuration with respect to
penultimate carbon atom
• Glucose has 2 stereoisomers
• D- glucose
• L- glucose
D and L Notations
• By convention, the letter L is assigned to the
structure with the —OH on the left
• The letter D is assigned to the structure with
—OH on the right
D and L Notations

a
• By convention, the letter L is assigned to the structure
with the —OH on the left
• The letter D is assigned to the structure with —OH on the
right
D and L Monosaccharides
• Stereochemistry determined by the
asymmetric center farthest from the carbonyl
group
• Most monosaccharides found in living
organisms are D
Stereoisomers
Enantiomers
Mirror images & Non superimposable
Diastereomers
Diastereomers is non mirror images and non
superimposable.
Epimers
• Change in conforntation around only one
carbon
Fischer Projection
• Used to represent carbohydrates (chiral carbons)
• Places the most oxidized group at the top (C1)
• Uses horizontal lines for bonds that come forward
• Uses vertical lines for bonds that go back
• In aldose, carbon of aldehyde: C1
• In Ketose, carbon of ketose is lowest no:
The Fischer projection is two dimensional
representation of three dimensional organic
molecule by projection
Haworth Projections
• Haworth Projections is a common way of representing
cyclic structure of monosaccharide with simple 3
dimensional structure.
• Characteristics
• Atom no 1 to 6 Carbon atom
• Carbon 1: Anomeric carbon
• Atoms 1 to 6 extra hydrogen atoms not depicted
• A thicker line: closer to observer 2 & 3 (OH)
• Atom 1 & 4: farther from observer
• Atom 5 : Farthest
• Group below the plane of ring: equivalent to ring hand
side of Fischer projection
Cyclization of D-glucose
OH

O
CHO HO
HO
a-D-glucose
H OH OH
HO H OH

H OH
OH
H OH

CH2OH O
HO
OH b-D-glucose
HO
OH
Haworth projections

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