LECTURE 7:

DYNAMICS
THE LAWS OF MOTION
 Newton’s first law
 Force
 Mass
 Newton’s second law
 Newton’s third law
 Examples

Isaac Newton’s work represents

one of the greatest
contributions to science ever
made by an individual.
DYNAMICS
 Describes the relationship between the
motion of objects in our everyday world
and the forces acting on them
 Language of Dynamics
 Force: The measure of interaction between two
objects (pull or push). It is a vector quantity – it has
a magnitude and direction
 Mass: The measure of how difficult it is to change
object’s velocity (sluggishness or inertia of the
object)
FORCES
 The measure of interaction
between two objects (pull or
push)
 Vector quantity: has
magnitude and direction
 May be a contact force or
a field force
 Contact forces result from
physical contact between two
objects
 Field forces act between
disconnected objects
 Also called “action at a distance”
FORCES

 Gravitational Force
 Archimedes Force
 Friction Force
 Tension Force
 Spring Force
 Normal Force
VECTOR NATURE OF FORCE
 Vector force: has magnitude and direction
 Net Force: a resultant force acting on object
    
Fnet  F F1  F2  F3  ......
 You must use the rules of vector addition to
obtain the net force on an object

| F | F12  F22 2.24 N
F1
 tan  1 ( )  26.6
F2
 NEWTON’S FIRST
LAW
 An object at rest tends to stay at rest
and an object in motion tends to stay in
motion with the same speed and in the
same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force
 An object at rest remains at rest as long as no net force acts on it
 An object moving with constant velocity continues to move with
the same speed and in the same direction (the same velocity) as
long as no net force acts on it
 “Keep on doing what it is doing”
 NEWTON’S FIRST
LAW
 An object at rest tends to stay at rest
and an object in motion tends to stay in
motion with the same speed and in the
same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force
 When forces are balanced, the acceleration of the object is
zero
 Object at rest: v = 0 and a = 0
 Object in motion: v  0 and a = 0

 The net force is defined as the vector sum of all the

external forces exerted on the object. If the net force is
zero, forces are balanced. When forces are balances, the
object can be stationary, or move with constant velocity.
MASS AND INERTIA
 Every object continues in its state of rest, or uniform
motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change
that state by unbalanced forces impressed upon it
 Inertia is a property of objects
to resist changes is motion!
 Mass is a measure of the
amount of inertia.
 Mass is a measure of the resistance of an object
to changes in its velocity
 Mass is an inherent property of an object
 Scalar quantity and SI unit: kg
 NEWTON’S SECOND
LAW
 The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net
force acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass
 

a
F

Fnet
m m

  
Fnet  F ma
UNITS OF FORCE
 Newton’s second law:
  
Fnet  F ma
 SI unit of force is a Newton (N)
kg m
1 N 1 2
s
 US Customary unit of force is a pound (lb)
 1 N = 0.225 lb
 Weight, also measured in lbs. is a force (mass x
acceleration). What is the acceleration in that
case?
MORE ABOUT NEWTON’S 2ND
LAW
 You must be certain about which body we are
applying it to
F must be the vector sum of all the forces that
net
act on that body
 Only forces that act on that body are to be
included in the vector sum
 Net force component along an

axis gives rise to the acceleration

along that same axis
Fnet , x ma x Fnet , y ma y
SAMPLE PROBLEM
 One or two forces act on a puck that moves over frictionless
ice along an x axis, in one-dimensional motion. The puck's
mass is m = 0.20 kg. Forces F1 and F2 and are directed along
the x axis and have magnitudes F1 = 4.0 N and F2 = 2.0 N. Force
F3 is directed at angle q = 30° and has magnitude F3 = 1.0 N. In
each situation, what is the acceleration ofa)the puck?
F1 ma x

F1 4.0 N
ax   20 m/s 2
m 0.2 kg
b) F1  F2 max
F1  F2 4.0 N  2.0 N
ax   10 m/s 2
m 0.2 kg

c) F3, x  F2 max F3, x F3 cos 

Fnet , x ma x F3 cos   F2 1.0 N cos 30  2.0 N
ax    5.7 m/s 2
m 0.2 kg
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
 Gravitational force is a vector
 Expressed by Newton’s Law of Universal
mM
Gravitation: Fg G 2
R

 G – gravitational constant
 M – mass of the Earth
 m – mass of an object
 R – radius of the Earth

 Direction: pointing downward

WEIGHT
 The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on
an object of mass m near the Earth’s surface is
called the weight w of the object: w = mg
 g can also be found from the Law of Universal
Gravitation
 Weight has a unit of N
mM
Fg G 2 w  Fg mg
R
M
g G 2 9.8 m/s 2
R

R = 6,400
 Weight depends upon location
km
NORMAL FORCE
 Force from a solid
surface which keeps
object from falling w  Fg mg

through
 Direction: always
perpendicular to the
surface
 Magnitude: depends
N  Fg ma y
on situation N  mg ma y
N mg
TENSION FORCE: T
 A taut rope exerts
forces on whatever
holds its ends
 Direction: always
along the cord (rope,
cable, string ……) and
away from the object T1
 Magnitude: depend on T1 = T = T2
T2
situation
 NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
 If object 1 and object 2 interact, the
force exerted by object 1 on object 2 is
equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the force exerted by object
2 on object 1

 
Fon A  Fon B

 Equivalent to saying a single isolated force cannot

exist
 NEWTON’S THIRD LAW CONT.
F may be called the
12
action force and F21
the reaction force
 Actually, either force
can be the action or the
reaction force
 The action and
reaction forces act on
different objects
SOME ACTION-REACTION
PAIRS

mM
Fg G
R2

GM
Fg mg m 2
mM R
Fg G 2 Gm
R Fg Ma M 2
R
 FREE BODY DIAGRAM
 The most important step in
solving problems involving F hand on book
Newton’s Laws is to draw
the free body diagram
 Be sure to include only the
forces acting on the object
of interest
 Include any field forces F Earth on book
acting on the object
 Do not assume the normal
force equals the weight
HINTS FOR PROBLEM-
SOLVING
 Read the problem carefully at least once
 Draw a picture of the system, identify the object of primary
interest, and indicate forces with arrows
 Label each force in the picture in a way that will bring to
mind what physical quantity the label stands for (e.g., T for
tension)
 Draw a free-body diagram of the object of interest, based on
the labeled picture. If additional objects are involved, draw
separate free-body diagram for them
 Choose a convenient coordinate system for each object
 Apply Newton’s second law. The x- and y-components of
Newton second law should be taken from the vector equation
and written individually. This often results in two equations
and two unknowns
Fnet , x ma
 Solve for the desired unknown
x F ma
quantity,
net , y andy substitute the
numbers
OBJECTS IN EQUILIBRIUM
 Objects that are either at rest or moving
with constant velocity are said to be in
equilibrium

a 0 of an object can be modeled
 Acceleration
as zero:

 Fthe
 Mathematically, 0 net force acting on the
object is zero
 Equivalent to the set of component
 Fx by
equations given 0  Fy 0
EQUILIBRIUM, EXAMPLE 1
 A lamp is suspended from
a chain of negligible mass
 The forces acting on the
lamp are
 the downward force of
gravity
 the upward tension in the
chain
 Applying equilibrium gives
F y 0  T  Fg 0  T Fg
EQUILIBRIUM, EXAMPLE 2
 A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical
cable tied to two other cables that are fastened to a
support. The upper cables make angles of 37° and 53°
with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the
three cables.
 Conceptualize the traffic light
 Assume cables don’t break
 Nothing is moving
 Categorize as an equilibrium
problem
 No movement, so acceleration is
zero
 
Model  y 0
0an object inFequilibrium
Fxas
 EQUILIBRIUM, EXAMPLE 2
 Need 2 free-body diagrams
 Apply equilibrium equation to
light  Fy 0  T3  Fg 0 F y 0  T3  Fg 0
T3 Fg 100 N
T3 Fg 100 N

 Apply equilibrium equations to

𝐹∑ =−𝑇 +𝑇 =−𝑇 cos37 +𝑇 cos53 =0

knot

∘ ∘
𝑥 1𝑥 2𝑥 1 2
ACCELERATING OBJECTS
 If an object that can be modeled as a
particle experiences an acceleration,
there must be a nonzero net force acting
on it
 Draw a free-body diagram
  Law in
 Apply Newton’s Second

component form
F ma

F x max F y ma y
ACCELERATING OBJECTS,
EXAMPLE 1
 A man weighs himself with a scale in an elevator.
While the elevator is at rest, he measures a weight
of 800 N.
 What weight does the scale read if the elevator accelerates
upward at 2.0 m/s2? a = 2.0 m/s2
 What weight does the scale read if the elevator accelerates
downward at 2.0 m/s2? a = - 2.0 m/s2
 Upward:  Fy  N  mg ma N

𝑁=𝑚𝑔+𝑚𝑎=𝑚(𝑔+𝑎)
N
N  mg
𝑁 =80 ( 2.0 +9.8 )=944 N
 Downward: N 80(  2.0  9.8) 624 N
mg mg
N  mg