EMISSION INVENTORY:

AN OVERVIEW
 Overview
1 6
INTRODUCTION STEPS IN EI
PREPARATION

2 7
IMPACTS OF AIR SOURCES OF AIR
POLLUTION POLLUTION

3 8 CALCULATION
EMISSION INVENTORY (EI)

4 9
USES OF EI EMISSION FACTOR

1
5
TYPES OF INVENTORIES 0 EMISSION INVENTORY
APPROACHES
1
6
GUIDELINES/ MANUALS 1 GLOBAL EMISSION
INVENTORIES
Introduction
Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor
environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that
modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.
Types of pollutants can be classified based on
Source/Origin/State of matter
In recent years the nature of pollution sources has evolved
significantly.
Identifying them is crucial for prioritizing actions to mitigate
air pollution.

1
Impacts of air pollution
The multiple impacts of air pollution on the environment and
the necessity of a clean environment have made the air
pollution domain a global concern.

o n ai r
Soil
tio of
Plants
llu ts
n
po pac

Climate
Im

Atmosphere

Water bodies

Building materials and structures

2
Emission Inventory
A prerequisite to a good air quality model is a well understood
emissions inventory (EI) (spatially and temporally resolved)
An Emission inventory of a given region, for a specific time
period, is a comprehensive stock of all the pollution emitting
sources.
Emission inventory is a dynamic process, because as the
technology changes, EF changes, emission concentration from
different sources changes.
Gridded emission inventory provides locational information of
the emissions of different types of air pollutants and their
sources.
EI will provide a provision to check the updates on reduction
3
Emission Inventory
Quantitativ
e analysis
of
emissions

Reduction Air quality

measures modelling

Emissio
n
inventor
y
Developme
nt of
Future
pollution
projections
control
strategies

Planning of
policy and
decision
making

4
 Quantitative analysis of emissions

Major emission sources can be identified

Priorities for emission reduction can be defined

Air quality modeling

Emission data allocated geographically and temporally can be

used as input data for air quality modeling.
Pollutant concentration (output) is an significant tool in air
quality management decision making

5
 Future projections
Future emission can be estimated based on different scenarios
The future emission provides crucial information for setting up
the emission targets.

Development of pollution control strategies

Introduce various prevention and control measures within
different sources sectors.
Identification of the cost effective emission reduction
measures

6
Annual average Emission
Inventory

Emission estimates of PM 2.5 from industry and transport sectors

for 1996-2015.

Source: Sadavarte et al., 2014

8
Emission Inventory

BC emission during
summer and winter over India
Source: Verma et al., 2017

9
Emission Inventory

Gridded PM2.5 Emissions (2015)

https://urbanemissions.info
11
 Guidelines/Manuals for EI

EMEP (Europian Monitoring and Evaluation Programme)/

CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme )/ UN-DESA
(Department of Economic and Social Affairs) manual
The Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum Air Pollutant Emission
Inventory Manual

12
 Development of emission inventory is a complex process due to
numerous, diverse and widely dispersed emission sources

Steps in Emission Inventory

preparation
1 2 3 4 5
Mathematical Compute the
calculations total
Determinatio
Listing of the using emission emissions
Listing of all n of available
type of air factor, activity and sum up
sources in emission
pollutants rate and the similar
the study factor (EF)
emitted by emission emissions for
area for the
each source. reduction the entire
activities
technologies for area
each source

13
Sources of Air Pollution
Identifying the emission sources is the first step towards the
mitigating air pollution problems
A broad classification of air pollution sources is based on
natural and anthropogenic factors
Common Emission Sources

Thermal Constructio Agriculture

Residential Burning
Power Plants n

Refuse
Transport Industrial Road Dust Burning

14
 Development of emission inventory is a complex process due to
numerous, diverse and widely dispersed emission sources

Steps in Emission Inventory

preparation
1 2 3 4 5
Mathematical Compute the
calculations total
Determinatio
Listing of the using emission emissions
Listing of all n of available
type of air factor, activity and sum up
sources in emission
pollutants rate and the similar
the study factor (EF)
emitted by emission emissions for
area for the
each source. reduction the entire
activities
technologies for area
each source

13
Common Pollutants
NOX ,SO2 ,
NMVOC, NH3

Acidifying
pollutants &
Ozone Precursors
Heavy
Particulate Common Pollutants metals
matter
Pb, Cd, Hg
PM2.5, PM10 (BC,
Greenhous
TSP)
e Gases
CO2, CH4, N2O,
PFC, SF6

15
 Development of emission inventory is a complex process due to
numerous, diverse and widely dispersed emission sources

Steps in Emission Inventory

preparation
1 2 3 4 5
Mathematical Compute the
calculations total
Determinatio
Listing of the using emission emissions
Listing of all n of available
type of air factor, activity and sum up
sources in emission
pollutants rate and the similar
the study factor (EF)
emitted by emission emissions for
area for the
each source. reduction the entire
activities
technologies for area
each source

13
Emission Factor
An Emissions Factor (EF) is a computed value that links the
quantity of a pollutant emitted to a specific activity associated
with the release of that pollutant.
Mathematically, these emission factors are expressed as the
numerical ratio of the mass of pollutant and the unit of polluting
activity
Usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit
weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the
pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagrams
of coal burned).
Ideally, each country must have its EFs for each sector.

17
Emission Factor

value of any EF will change with the slightest change in conditions.

Localized and updated emission factors are paramount to
developing robust emission inventory reports.
CPCB and the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)
developed Emission Factors (EF) for in-use vehicles.
CPCB has also developed EF for several other sectors, including but
not limited to cement plants, thermal power plants, oil refineries
and petrochemical industries.

18
 Development of emission inventory is a complex process due to
numerous, diverse and widely dispersed emission sources

Steps in Emission Inventory

preparation
1 2 3 4 5
Mathematical Compute the
calculations total
Determinatio
Listing of the using emission emissions
Listing of all n of available
type of air factor, activity and sum up
sources in emission
pollutants rate and the similar
the study factor (EF)
emitted by emission emissions for
area for the
each source. reduction the entire
activities
technologies for area
each source

13
Calculation
The basic equation is followed to estimate emission from any
sector,
=×

EF= emission factor (kT /fuel use) of

=Annual emission of a the pollutant (p)
pollutant (p)(kT)
= Removal efficiency (%) of pollutant
R= Region/state
(p) with the installed pollution control
S=Sector
technology
F= Fuel type
X= Actual application rate of the
A= Activity data
control technology

16
 Development of emission inventory is a complex process due to
numerous, diverse and widely dispersed emission sources

Steps in Emission Inventory

preparation
1 2 3 4 5
Mathematical Compute the
calculations total
Determinatio
Listing of the using emission emissions
Listing of all n of available
type of air factor, activity and sum up
sources in emission
pollutants rate and the similar
the study factor (EF)
emitted by emission emissions for
area for the
each source. reduction the entire
activities
technologies for area
each source

13
 Development of emission inventory is a complex process due to
numerous, diverse and widely dispersed emission sources

Steps in Emission Inventory

preparation
1 2 3 4 5
Mathematical Compute the
calculations total
Determinatio
Listing of the using emission emissions
Listing of all n of available
type of air factor, activity and sum up
sources in emission
pollutants rate and the similar
the study factor (EF)
emitted by emission emissions for
area for the
each source. reduction the entire
activities
technologies for area
each source

13
 Emission Factor

Emission factors for coal-based thermal power plants in India

Source: *Mahtta et al., 2016;** ARAI, 2010; ***GAINS Asia database

19
Emission Factor
Emission factor (kg/Mg) for cement sector

Source: Source: ILFS (2010), CPCB (2007)

20
Emission Factor
Tailpipe emission factors of different categories of Diesel vehicles

Source: ARAI, 2007

21
 Emission Factor

Emission factors (kg/Mg) of different pollutants during the burning of crop residues

Source: GAINS-ASIA

22
 CPCB framework for developing EI

Secondary Data Existing emissions

Identification of Sources
and primary site Inventory
• Point • Area • Line
survey data experiences

Collection of activity levels Emission inventorization of

sources and location data identified sources
for each source type • Point and Area (Secondary
data & primary site and
activity survey)
Quality Control checks • Line (Primary traffic survey
and Secondary vehicular
characteristics data)
Data handling and
statistical analysis Emission characterization
• Point and Area (Published
reports/ USEPA & Indian
Source wise emission
experience and primary
inventorization & source
emission profiling/
Profiles
monitoring) • Line (ARAI
study and traffic survey
Scenarios Analysis data)

GIS Mapping of total Source data input files

emission inventory (grid for dispersion &
wise) • Point • Area • receptor modeling
Line
24
Global Emission Inventories
RAINS-GAINS EDGAR ACCESS EA-Grid

Greenhouse Gas Emission Argonne Developed by

– Air Pollution Database for Collaborative the Ministry of
Interactions and Global Center For the Environment
Synergies Atmospheric Storage Science in Japan
(GAINS) Research (ACCESS)
(EDGAR) Developed by
Developed by Argonne
International Developed by National
Institute for National Laboratory To understand
Applied System Institute for transboundary
Analysis (IIASA) Public Health To support the air pollutants in
and the Aerosol North Asia
Air pollutants Environment characterization
and Green (RIVM) experiments
House Gases and transport
Air pollutants and chemical
and Green evolution over
House Gases the Pacific
experiments

25
Global Emission Inventories
REAS GEIA LTP

Regional Global Emission Developed by a

Emission Initiative (GEIA) joint research
Inventory in Asia program among
(REAS) Developed as China, Japan and
part of Korea.
Developed by International
Frontier Research Geosphere-
Centre for Global Biosphere
and National Programme
Institute for (IGBP)
Environmental To improve
Studies understanding of
tansboundary air
pollutants in
To understand the Inventory for North Asia
role of trace global gases and
constituents in aerosol emissions
the atmosphere

26
Pollutants targeted by
inventories
Inventories SOx NOX VOC NH3 CO BC OC PM1 CO2 CH4 N20
SO2 0

UNFCCC
* * * * * * *
a

RAINS-GAINS
* * * * * * * * * * *
a

EDGAR
* * * * * * * *
a

GEIA
* * * * * * * * * *
a

LTP China
* * * *
Japan
* * * * * *
R .of
Korea
* * * * * *
ACESS
* * * * * * * * *
b

REAS
* * * * * * * * * *
b

EA-Grid
* * * * * *
a: Global inventoryb: Asian inventory

27
 Comparison of EIs
IIT
Guttikun SAFAR TERI CPCB
Kanpur
da (2018) (2018) (2018) (2010)
(2016)
2013-
Year 2018 2018 2016 2007
2014

NCT Delhi,
Area NCR Delhi Delhi Delhi
Gurgaon

Horizontal 400 x 400

1 x 1 km2 4 x 4 km2 2 x 2 km2 2 x 2 km2
resolution m2

PM 10
Emission 238.68 268.40 67.49 52.34 64.73
load
(kt/year)
PM 2.5
Emission 99.15 107.70 31.99 21.39 NA
load
(kt/year)
28
 Reference
 ARAI (2010) Air Quality Monitoring and Emission Source Apportionment
Study for Pune. Prepared for the CPCB, India. Report No. ARAI/IOCL-AQM/R-
12/2009-10.
 CPCB (2007). Assessment of fugitive emissions and development of
environmental guidelines for control of fugitive emissions in cement
manufacturing industries.
 GAINS Asia online. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2022, from https://
gains.iiasa.ac.at/gains3/ASN/index.login?logout=1&switch_version=v0
 ILFS [Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited] (2010). Technical
EIA guideline Manual for Cement Plants, Prepared for Ministry of
Environment Forest & Climate Change, Government of India.
 Mahtta, R., Sharma, S., Kumar, A. (2016). Emission inventory of power
sector. In: Sharma, S., Kumar, A. (eds.) Air pollution emissions scenario for
India. Ver.1. TERI-Press, The Energy and Resources Insitute: New Delhi.
ISBN 978- 81-7993-639-9.
 Reference
 Sadavarte, P., & Venkataraman, C. (2014). Trends in multi-pollutant
emissions from a technology-linked inventory for India: I. Industry and
transport sectors. Atmospheric Environment, 99, 353–364. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.081
 Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation, UrbanEmissions.Info., (2017), India
– Air Pollution Knowledge Assessment (APnA) city program City – Pune,
India Available at: https://urbanemissions.info/india-apna/pune-india/
 Verma, S., Reddy, D. M., Ghosh, S., Kumar, D. B., & Chowdhury, A. K.
(2017). Estimates of spatially and temporally resolved constrained black
carbon emission over the Indian region using a strategic integrated
modelling approach. Atmospheric Research, 195, 9–19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.05.007
Thank You