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Work Energy and Power g8

The document explains the fundamental concepts of Work, Energy, and Power in Physics, defining work as the product of force and displacement, energy as the capacity to perform work, and power as the rate of doing work. It details the formulas for calculating work, energy, and power, including their respective units, and provides examples for better understanding. The document also distinguishes between kinetic and potential energy, emphasizing their roles in mechanical energy.

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rayforeverdude
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8 views29 pages

Work Energy and Power g8

The document explains the fundamental concepts of Work, Energy, and Power in Physics, defining work as the product of force and displacement, energy as the capacity to perform work, and power as the rate of doing work. It details the formulas for calculating work, energy, and power, including their respective units, and provides examples for better understanding. The document also distinguishes between kinetic and potential energy, emphasizing their roles in mechanical energy.

Uploaded by

rayforeverdude
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Work, Energy

and Power
Work, Energy and Power are
fundamental concepts of Physics.
Work is said to be done when
a force (push or pull) applied to
an object causes a displacement
of the object. We define the
capacity to do the work as energy.
Power is the work done per
unit of time. This article
discusses work, energy and power
in detail.
What is Work?
For work to be done, a force must be
exerted and there must be motion
or displacement in the direction
of the force. The work done by a
force acting on an object is equal to
the magnitude of the force multiplied
by the distance moved in the
direction of the force. Work has only
magnitude and no direction. Hence,
work is a scalar quantity.
Formula of Work
The work done by a force is defined to be
the product of the component of the force
in the direction of the displacement and
the magnitude of this displacement.

Where W is the work done, F is the force,


d is the displacement, θ is the angle
between force and displacement and F
cosθ is the component of force in the
direction of displacement.
We understand from the work
equation that if there is no
displacement, there is no
work done, irrespective of how
large the force is. To summarize,
we can say that no work is
done if: the displacement is
zero the force is zero the force
and displacement are mutually
perpendicular to each other
Unit of Work
The SI unit of work is Joule
(J). For example, if a force
of 5 newtons is applied to
an object and moves 2
meters, the work done will
be 10 newton-meter or 10
Joule. It should be noted
that 1 J = 1 N ⋅ m = 1 kg ⋅
m2/s2.
Example of Work
An object is horizontally dragged
across the surface by a 100 N
force acting parallel to the
surface. Find out the amount of
work done by the force in moving
the object through a distance of 8
m.
Solution:
Given:
F = 100 N, d = 8 m

Since F and d are in the same


direction, θ = 0, [θ is the angle of the
force to the direction of movement],
therefore

W = FdCos θ

W = 100 x 8 x Cos 0

W = 800 J [Since Cos 0 = 1]


What is Energy?
Energy is the ability to perform
work. Energy can neither be
created nor destroyed, and it
can only be transformed from
one form to another. The unit
of Energy is the same as of Work,
i.e. Joules. Energy is found in
many things, and thus there are
different types of energy.
All forms of energy are
either kinetic or potential.
The energy in motion is
known as Kinetic Energy,
whereas Potential Energy is
the energy stored in an
object and is measured by
the amount of work done.
Unit of Energy
The SI unit of energy is Joules (J),
named in honour of James
Prescott Joule.

What is Power?
Power is a physical concept with
several different meanings,
depending on the context and
the available information.
We can define power as the rate
of doing work, and it is the
amount of energy consumed per
unit of time.
Formula of Power
As discussed, power is the rate of
doing work. Therefore, it can be
calculated by dividing work done
by time. The formula for power is
given below.
Where, P is the power, W is the work
done and t is the time taken.
Unit of Power
As power doesn’t have any
direction, it is a scalar quantity.
The SI unit of power is Joules per
Second (J/s), which is termed as
Watt. Watt can be defined as the
power needed to do one joule of
work in one second. The unit Watt
is dedicated in honour of Sir
James Watt, the developer of the
steam engine.
Example of Power
A garage hoist lifts a
truck up 2 meters above
the ground in 15
seconds. Find the power
delivered to the truck.
[Given: 1000 kg as the
mass of the truck]
First we need to calculate the
work done, which requires the
force necessary to lift the truck
against gravity:
F = mg = 1000 x 9.81 = 9810
N.
W = Fd = 9810N x 2m =
19620 Nm = 19620 J.
The power is P = W/t =
19620J / 15s = 1308 J/s = 1308
Energy and Work
• Energy is the ability to do work.

• Work is the energy transferred to


or from a system by a force that
acts on it.
Mechanical

• Mechanical energy is the energy which


is possessed by an object due to its motion
or its stored energy of position
• Kinetic energy : is the energy of motion
• Potential Energy : an object can store energy
as the result of its position or elastic source
Work

• In physics, work has


a very specific
meaning.
• In physics, work
represents a
measurable change
in a system, caused
by a force.
Work Concept

• Work is defined as a force acting upon an


object to cause a displacement
• Mathematically, work can be expressed by
the following equation.
• W= F x d cos  cos 00 = 1)
• where F = force, d = displacement, and the
angle (theta) is defined as the angle between
the force and the displacement vector
Work (force is parallel to distance)

Force (N)

Work (joules) W=Fxd


Distance (m)
Work (force at angle to distance)

Force (N)

Work (joules) W = Fd cos Angle

(q)
Distance (m)
Gravitational Potential Energy

• After an object has been lifted to a


height, work is done.
• PE = W= F x d= mgh
Potential Energy
is maximum at
the maximum
HEIGHT
Potential Energy Calculation

• How much potential energy is lost by a


5Kg object to kinetic energy due a
decrease in height of 4.5 m
• PE = mgh
• PE = (5Kg)(10 m/s2)(4.5 m)
• PE = 225 Kg m2/s2
• PE = 225 J
Kinetic Energy Calculation

• The energy of motion


 KE = W= F x d= mgh=1/2 mv2
• Find the kinetic energy of an 4 Kg object
moving at 5m/s.
• KE = 1/2 mv2
• KE = ½ (4Kg)(5m/s) 2
• KE = 50 Kg m 2 /s 2
• KE = 50 J
Power!

• Power is the rate that we use energy.


• Power = Work or Energy / Time
• P = W/t = F x d/t = F v
• The units for power :
• J/s
• Kg m2 / s2 /s
• Nm/s
Power
• Power is simply energy exchanged
per unit time, or how fast you get
work done (Watts = Joules/sec)
• One horsepower = 745 W
• Perform 100 J of work in 1 s, and
call it 100 W
• Run upstairs, raising your 70 kg
(700 N) mass 3 m (2,100 J) in 3
seconds  700 W output!
• Shuttle puts out a few GW
(gigawatts, or 109 W) of power!

Spring 2008 27
Power Calculation

• A 5 Kg Cart is pushed by a 30 N force


against friction for a distance of 10m in 5
seconds. Determine the Power needed to
move the cart.
• P=Fxd/t
• P = 30 N (10 m) / 5 s
• P = 60 N m /s
• P = 60 watts
Summary

• Energy is the ability to move


• Potential is stored energy (Statics)
• Dependant on height
• Kinetic is moving energy (Dynamics)
• Dependant on velocity
• Springs store energy dependant on distance and
constant
• Power is how fast the work is done

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