REVIEW!

CONCENTRATI
ON
OF SOLUTION
 WHAT IS A SOLUTION?
In chemistry, a solution is defined as “a
liquid or solid phase containing more
than one substances.
A type of homogeneous mixture, a
mixture that has a uniform composition
and its individual components cannot
be distinguished.
 HAS
Solute is a
Solvent is that
substance that
does the dissolving
dissolves into a and is present in
solvent to form a the largest amount.
solution.
Solute and solvent can be in any phase
of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
 a solution with a
relatively low
Dilute concentration of
solute.
a solution with a
Concen relatively high
-trated concentration of
solute.
The concentration of
a solution is the
amount of solute
dissolved in a given
amount of solvent.
 It can be expressed in
several ways, including
Percent by Molality &
mass molarity
Parts per
Mole fraction million
(ppm)
1. Percent by mass
Is a way to It is calculated by
dividing the mass
express the
of a solute by the
concentration of mass of a solution
a solution or & multiplying by
mixture 100%
 It can be expressed in
several ways, including
Percent by Molality &
mass molarity
Parts per
Mole fraction million
(ppm)
2. Mole fraction

is a way to describe the concentration of

different parts (components) of a solution

Mole fraction (XA) = Moles of A(nA)

total moles (ntot)
 It can be expressed in
several ways, including
Percent by Molality &
mass molarity
Parts per
Mole fraction million
(ppm)
3. Molarity
 affected by
is defined as the temperature and
pressure changes
number of moles of
solute per liter of  used in stoichiometric
solution calculations

M = molarity
M = mol of mol = moles of solute
solute L = liter of solution
 3. Molarity

L = mol mol = L x M
M
M = molarity
Molarity (M) = moles of solute
mol = moles of
(mol) solute
liters of solution
This equation tells us how many
moles of solute are in each liter of
solute.
Molarity (M) = moles of solute
(mol)
2 moles ofof solution (L)
liters
2M
solute in each 2 moles
“2 liter of 1 liter
molar”
= solution
15 moles of =
15 M 15
solute in each
“15 moles
liter of
molar” 1 liter
This equation tells us how many
moles of solute are in each liter of
solute.
Molarity (M) = moles of solute
(mol)
liters of solution (L)
Now let’s take this definition of molarity and see how
can we apply it to solving math problems

Molarity: ?
Let’s start out with
Solute: 8 mole
the problem like this: Solution: 4 L
 how many moles of
Molarity: ? solute are in each liter of
Solute: 8 mole solute.
Solution: 4 L Molarity (M) = moles of solute
(mol)
liters of solution
(L)
 how many moles of
Molarity: ? solute are in each liter of
Solute: 8 mole solute.
Solution: 4 L Molarity (M) = moles of solute
(mol)
liters of solution
We want to find out how
(L) many moles of solute are
8 4 in each liter of solution.
mole liters
First, lets divide this liters
to individual liters. So, we
can think of each liter.
 how many moles of
Molarity: ? solute are in each liter of
Solute: 8 mole solute.
Solution: 4 L Molarity (M) = moles of solute
(mol)
liters of solution
We want to find out how many
(L) moles of solute are in each
8 4 liter of solution.
mole liters We are talking about EACH
LITERS HERE, First, lets divide
this liters to individual liters.
So, we can think about each
liter.
 how many moles of
Molarity: ? solute are in each liter of
Solute: 8 mole solute.
Solution: 4 L Molarity (M) = moles of solute
(mol)
liters of solution
So here is the 4 liters
(L)
divided up.
8 4
mole
Now, we want to know
liters
how many moles of solute
are in each liters.
And that is
MOLARITY
 how many moles of
Molarity: 2 M solute are in each liter of
Solute: 8 mole solute.
Solution: 4 L Molarity (M) = moles of solute
(mol)
liters of solution
(L) If you’re going to
8
2 mol
4 calculate that into your
2 mol
mole 2 mol liters head, you are going to
2 mol came up with
2 moles
per liter = 2 moles per liter
 Molarity: 2 M The calculation will be:
Solute: 8 mole
Solution: 4 L
M = mol of solute
L of solution
M = 8 mol
2 mol
8 4 4L
2 mol
mole liters
2 mol M=2M
2 mol

2 moles
per liter =
PROBLEM
SAMPLE!
Problem 1: Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared
by dissolving 9.8 moles of solid NaOH in enough water to
make 3.62 L of solution.
Given:
Solute: 9.8 moles NaOH
Solution: 3.62 L
M=?
Problem 1: Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared
by dissolving 9.8 moles of solid NaOH in enough water to
make 3.62 L of solution.
Given:
Solute: 9.8 moles NaOH
Solution: 3.62 L
M = 2.7 M
M = mol of solute
L of solution
M = 9.8 moles
3.62 L this means, that there are 2.7
M = 2.7 M moles of solute for every 1
liter of the solution.
Problem 2: You dissolved 152.5 g of CuCl2 in water to
make a solution with a final volume of 2.25 L. what is its
molarity?
 Problem 2: You dissolved 152.5 g of CuCl2 in water to
make a solution with a final volume of 2.25 L. what is its
molarity?

Given:
Solute: 152.5 g CuCl2
Solution: 2.25 L
M=?
Calculate the molar mass:
152.5 g x 1 mol =1.134
Cu : 63.55 x 1 = 63.55
moles
Cl2: 35.44 x 2 = 70.88
134.43g
134.43g/mol
 Problem 2: You dissolved 152.5 g of CuCl2 in water to
make a solution with a final volume of 2.25 L. what is its
molarity?

Given:
Solute: 1.134 moles
Solution: 2.25 L
M = ? M = mol of solute
L of solution
M = 1.134 moles
2.25 L this means, that there are
M = 0.504 M 0.504 moles of CuCl2 for
every 1 liter of the solution.
Problem 3: A solution has a volume of 375 ml and
contains 42.5 g of NaCl. What is its molarity?

Given:
Solute: 42.5 g NaCl
Solution: 375 ml
MCalculate
=? the molar
mass:
Ca : 22.99 x 1 = 22.99
Cl : 35.44 x 1 = 35.44

58.43g/mol
42.5 g x 1 mol = 0.727
moles
58.43 g
Problem 3: A solution has a volume of 375 ml and
contains 42.5 g of NaCl. What is its molarity?

Given:
Solute: 0.727 moles NaCl
Solution: 375 ml
MCalculate
=? the molar
mass:
Ca : 22.99 x 1 = 22.99
Convert volume:
Cl : 35.44 x 1 = 35.44
1 L = 1,000 ml
58.43g/mol 375 ml x 1L = 0.375 L
1,000 ml
42.5 g x 1 mol = 0.727
moles
58.43 g
Problem 3: A solution has a volume of 375 ml and
contains 42.5 g of NaCl. What is its molarity?

Given:
Solute: 0.727 moles NaCl
Solution: 0.375 L
MCalculate
=? the molar
mass:
Ca : 22.99 x 1 = 22.99
Convert volume:
Cl : 35.44 x 1 = 35.44
1 L = 1,000 ml
58.43g/mol 375 ml x 1L = 0.375 L
1,000 ml
42.5 g x 1 mol = 0.727
moles
58.43 g
Problem 3: A solution has a volume of 375 ml and
contains 42.5 g of NaCl. What is its molarity?

Given:
Solute: 0.727 moles NaCl
Solution: 0.375 L
M=?
M = mol of solute
L of solution
M = 0.727 moles
0.375 L this means, that there are
1.94 moles of NaCl for
M = 1.94 M
every 1 liter of the
solution.
 PROBLEM
SAMPLE!
Not all the time, you will be calculating molarity.
Sometimes, you will be given problems in which
you will calculate the moles in solute or liters in
solution.
 how many moles of
Molarity: 4 M solute are in each liter of
Solute: ? solute.
Solution: 3 L Molarity (M) = moles of solute
(mol)
liters of solution
(L)
 how many moles of
Molarity: 4 M solute are in each liter of
Solute: ? solute.
Solution: 3 L Molarity (M) = moles of solute
(mol)
liters of solution
So, what’s the math?
(L)
4 mol 3
? 4 mol
liters

4 mol
4M=4
moles per
 how many moles of
Molarity: 4 M solute are in each liter of
Solute: 12 mol solute.
Solution: 3 L Molarity (M) = moles of solute
(mol)
liters of solution
So, what’s the math?
(L)
4 mol 3 3L x 4 M = 12 mol
12
moles 4 mol
litersAnd that math is exactly what the
equation for calculating mole is.
4 mol Mol = L x M Or we can use the conversion
4M=4 method:
moles per 3 L x 4 mol = 12 moles
1L
 Molarity: 3 M how many moles of
Solute: 15 mol solute are in each liter of
Solution: ? solute.
Molarity (M) = moles of solute (mol)
3 mol liters of solution (L)
3 mol L = 15 mol =
L = mol
5L
3 mol M
3 mol
3M
?
15
3 mol
moles Or we can use the conversion
method:
3M=3 15 mol x 1 L = 5 L
3 mol
moles per
 Molarity: 3 M how many moles of
Solute: 15 mol solute are in each liter of
Solution: 5 L solute.
Molarity (M) = moles of solute (mol)
3 mol liters of solution (L)
3 mol L = mol L = 15 mol =
3 mol M 5L
3 mol
3M
15 5
3 mol
moles liters Or we can use the conversion
method:
3M=3 15 mol x 1 L = 5 L
3 mol
moles per
QUIZ
Problem 1: Determine the molar concentration of a solution
that contains 25 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 250 mL of
solution?

Problem 2: Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 2.80

moles of ethyl alcohol (C2H6O) in 500 mL of solution.

Problem 3: Determine the molarity of a solution containing

2.49 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 40.0 mL of solution.

Problem 4: Problem 5:
Molar = 0.25 M Molar =2M
Solute = ? (moles) Solute = 24 moles
Solution = 500 L Solution = ? (liters)
END!