Symmetrical Component and Network

Prof. Dr. Md Rafiqul Islam

EEE KUET

31.01.25 1
 Fault Analysis

 Fault types:
 balanced faults Percentage of total faults
 three-phase <5%

 unbalanced faults
 single-line to ground 60-75%

 double-line to ground 15-25%

 line-to-line faults 5-15%

 Unbalance fault analysis requires new tools

 symmetrical components
 augmented component models

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 Symmetrical Components

 Unbalanced three-phase quantities may be

replaced by the sum of three separate but
balanced symmetrical components
 applicable to current and voltages
 Operator “a” and its identities
a 1120 1  240  0.5  j 0.866

a 2 1240 1  120  0.5  j 0.866

a 3 10 1  j 0

1  a  a 2 0
3
 Symmetrical Components
 Positive sequence phasors
I a1  I a1  I a1

I b1  I a1 (  240)  I a1 (  120) a 2 I a1

I c1  I a1 (  120)  I a1 (  240) aI a1

 Negative sequence phasors

I a 2  I a 2  I a 2

I b 2  I a 2 (  120)  I a 2 (  240) aI a 2

I c 2  I a 2 (  240)  I a 2 (  120) a 2 I a 2

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 Symmetrical Components
 Zero sequence phasors
I a 0  I a 0  I a 0
I b 0  I a 0  I a 0

I c 0  I a 0  I a 0

 Relating unbalanced phasors to symmetrical

components
I a I a 0  I a1  I a 2
I b I b 0  I b1  I b 2 I a 0  a 2 I a1  aI a 2
I c I c 0  I c1  I c 2 I a 0  aI a1  a 2 I a 2
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 Symmetrical Components
 In matrix notation

 I a  1 1 1   Ia0 
 I   1 a 2 a   I a1 
 b 
 I c   1 a a 2   I a 2 

 or
1 1 1
I abc = A I 012 where A  1 a 2 a 
 1 a a 2 

 [A] is the symmetrical components transformation

matrix
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 Symmetrical Components
 Solving for the symmetrical components leads to
1 1 1
1 2 1 
I 012 A  1 I abc where 1
A  1 a a  A
3 3
 1 a 2 a 

 In component form
1
I a 0  ( I a  Ib  Ic )
3
1
I a1  ( I a  aI b  a 2 I c )
3
1
I a 2  ( I a  a 2 I b  aI c )
3
7
 Symmetrical Components
 Similar expressions exist for voltages
Vabc A V012
V012 A  1 Vabc
 The apparent power of symmetrical components
T
S3  Vabc I*abc ( AV012 )T (AI 012 )*

T
V012 A T A*I*012
T *
3V012 I 012

3Va 0 I a*0  3Va1 I a*1  3Va 2 I a*2

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 Example 1

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 Example 2

 Find the symmetrical components of a set of

unbalanced currents
I a 1.625, I b 1.0180, I c 0.9132
 Using the component form
1.625  1.0180  0.9132
Ia0  0.4596.5
3

1.625  a 1.0180  a 0.9132

2

I a1  0.94  0.1
3

1.625  a 1.0180  a 0.9132

2

Ia2  0.6022.3
3

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Example 2

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 Example 3

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 Example 4

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 Example 4

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 Example 5
 Given a set of symmetrical components

Va 0 0.690, Va1 1.030, Va 2 0.8  30

 The abc components

Va 0.690  1.030  0.8  30 1.708824.2

Vb 0.690  a 2 (1.030)  a (0.8  30) 0.490

Vb 0.690  a (1.030)  a 2 (0.8  30) 1.7088155.8

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Example 5

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 Example 6

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 Use of Symmetrical Components

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 Use of Symmetrical Components

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 Networks are Now Decoupled

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 Grounding

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 Grounding, cont’d

31.01.25 22
 Sequence Impedances

 The impedance in the flow of a sequence current

creating sequence voltages
 positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances
 Augmented network models
 wye-connected balanced loads
 transmission line
 3-phase transformers
 generators

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Balanced Loads
 Governing equaiton

Va Z S I a  Z M I b  Z M I c  Z n I n
Vb Z M I a  Z S I b  Z M I c  Z n I n
Vc Z M I a  Z M I b  Z S I c  Z n I n
 Matrix notation
I n I a  I b  I c

 Va   Z S  Z n ZM  Zn ZM  Zn   Ia 
 V   Z  Z ZS  Zn Z M  Z n   I b 
 b  M n

 Vc   Z M  Z n ZM  Zn Z S  Z n   I c 
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 Balanced Loads
 Sequence impedance
Vabc Z abc I abc A V012  Z abc A I 012 
V012  A  1Z abc A  I 012
    
Z012
Z 012  A  1Z abc A 

1 1 1   ZS  Zn ZM  Zn Z M  Z n  1 1 1
1
 1 a a 2   Z M  Z n ZS  Zn Z M  Z n  1 a 2 a 
3
 1 a 2 a   Z M  Z n ZM  Zn Z S  Z n  1 a a 2 

 Z S  3Z n  2 Z M 0 0 
 0 ZS  ZM 0 
 0 0 Z S  Z M  25
 Transmission Line

Va1 Z S I a  Z n I n  Va 2

Vb1 Z S I b  Z n I n  Vb 2

Vc1 Z S I c  Z n I n  Vc 2

Vn 0  Z n I n
I n  I a  I b  I c 0

 Va1   Z S  Z n Zn Z n   I a   Va 2 
 V   Z ZS  Zn Z n   I b    Vb 2 
 b1   n

 Vc1   Z n Zn Z S  Z n   I c   Vc 2 
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 Transmission Line
 Sequence impedance
Vabc1 Z abc I abc  Vabc 2 A V012,1 Z abc A I 012  A V012,2

V012,1  A  1Z abc A  I 012  V012,2

    
Z012

Z 012  A  1Z abc A 

1 1 1   Z S  Z n Zn Z n  1 1 1
1
  1 a a 2   Z n ZS  Zn Z n  1 a 2 a 
3
 1 a 2 a   Z n Zn Z S  Z n  1 a a 2 
 Z S  3Z n 0 0
 0 ZS 0 
 0 0 Z S 
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 Generators
 Similar to sequence impedances
 Typical values for generators
 the transient fault impedance is a function of time
 positive sequence values are the same for Xd, X’d,
and Xd”
 negative sequence values are affected by the rotation
of the rotor (X2 ~ Xd”)
 zero sequence values are isolated from the airgap of
the machine
 the zero sequence reactance is approximated to the
leakage reactance (X0 ~ XL)

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Generator Model

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 Generator Model

 Wye-connected generator

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 Generator Model

 Wye-connected generator

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 Generator Model

 Wye-connected generator (solidly ground)

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 Generator Model

 Wye-connected generator (solidly ground)

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31.01.25 Sayasun 34
 Generator Model
 Wye-connected generator (with grounded
impedance)

 Z S  3Z n 0 0
Z 012  0 ZS 0 
 0 0 Z S 

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 Generator Model

 Wye-connected generator (with grounded

impedance)

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 Generator Model

 Delta-connected generator

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 Generator Model

 Delta-connected generator

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 Transformers
 Series Leakage Impedance
 the magnetization current and core losses are
neglected (only 1% of the total load current)
 the transformer is modeled with the equivalent series
leakage impedance
 Three single-phase units
 the series leakage impedance is the same for all the
sequences Z 0 Z1 Z 2 Z l 
 Three-phase units
 the series leakage impedance is the same for the
positive and negative sequence Z1 Z 2 Z l 

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 Transformers
 Wye-delta transformers phase shifting pattern
 The positive sequence quantities rotate by +30 degrees
 The negative sequence quantities rotate by -30 degrees
 The zero sequence quantities can not pass through the
transformer
 U.S. standard
 Independent of the winding order (   Y or Y   )
 The positive sequence line voltage on the HV side leads
the corresponding line voltage on the LV side by 30
degrees
 For the negative sequence voltages the corresponding
phase shift is -30 degrees

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 Transformers
 Zero-sequence network connections of the
transformer depends on the winding connection
 Grounded-wye/grounded-wye

 Grounded-wye/wye

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 Transformers

 Wye/wye

 Grounded-wye/delta

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 Transformers

 Wye/delta

 Delta/delta

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 Transformer Sequence Diagrams

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 Sequence Networks
 The zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence networks of system
components—generators, motors, transformers, and transmission
can be used to construct system zero-, positive-, and negative-
sequence networks. We make the following assumptions:
 The power system operates under balanced steady-state conditions before the
fault occurs. Thus the zero-, positive-, and negative sequence networks are
uncoupled before the fault occurs. During unsymmetrical faults they are
interconnected only at the fault location.
 Prefault load current is neglected. Because of this, the positive sequence internal
voltages of all machines are equal to the prefault voltage VF. Therefore, the
prefault voltage at each bus in the positive-sequence network equals VF.
 Transformer winding resistances and shunt admittances are neglected.
 Transmission-line series resistances and shunt admittances are neglected.
 Synchronous machine armature resistance, saliency, and saturation
 are neglected.
 Induction motors are either neglected (especially for motors rated 50 hp or less)
or represented in the same manner as synchronous machines.

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 Example 5

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 Example 5

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 Example 6
 Obtain zero-sequence network

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 Example 6

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 Example 6 (2011-2012 Final Exam)

G1: 50 MVA, 11 kV, x1 = x2 = 0.2 pu, x0 = 0.06 pu, xn = 2.5 W

M1: 30 MVA, 10 kV, x1 = x2 = 0.25 pu, x0 = 0.06 pu
M2: 15 MVA, 10 kV, x1 = x2 = 0.25 pu, x0 = 0.06 pu, xn = 2.5 W
T1, T2: 60 MVA, 10.8 (D) kV/121 (Y) kV, x1 = x2 = x0 = 0.1 pu
Line: x1 = x2 = 100 W, x0 = 300 W
Choosing the generator 1 nominal voltage VB = 11 kV and SB = 50
MVA power value as the base quantities, obtain positive,
negative and zero sequence networks.

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 Homework 1
 Obtain the positive, negative and zero sequence network

31.01.25 51