Digital Electronics Lab

Practical-1
. Study of Logic Gates: Truth-table verification of OR, AND, NOT, XOR, NAND and NOR

gates; Realization of OR, AND, NOT and XOR functions using universal gates.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 What is Logic Gate
• A logic gates are an electronic circuit that are designed by using electrical

components like diodes, transistors, resistors, and more.

• It is used to perform logical operations based on the inputs provided to it and

gives logical output that can be either high(1) or low(0).

• The operation of logic gates is based on the Boolean algebra or mathematics.

• Logic gate founds its uses in our day to day basis such as in the architecture of our

telephone, laptops, tablets an memory devices.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
Programme Name B.C.A
Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 1. AND Gate

Types of Logic Gates

Logic gates can be broadly classified into three main categories

AND GATE

 An AND gate is used to perform logical Multiplication of binary input.

 The Output state of the AND gate will be high(1) if both the input are high(1) ,

else the output state will be low(0) if any of the input is low(0).

 The Boolean Expression or logic for the AND gate is the logical multiplication

of inputs denoted by a full stop or single dot as

 A.B=X

 The value of X will be True when both the inputs will be True.
Programme Name B.C.A
Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 2. OR Gate
• OR GATE is most widely used digital logic circuit.
• The output state of OR gate will be high i.e.,(1) if any
of the input state is high or 1, else output state will be low
i.e., 0.
• The Boolean Expression for the OR gate is the logical
• addition of inputs denoted by plus sign(+) as
•Y=A+B
•The value of X will be high(true) when one of the inputs is set
to high (true).

Programme
Programme Name
Name B.C.A IISemester
Sem Subject Subject-Digital Electronics Lab
 3. NOT Gate
 In digital electronics, the NOT gate is one of the basic logic gate
having only a single input and a single output.

 It is also known as inverter or inverting buffer. When the input

signal is “low” the output signal is “high” and vice-versa.

 The Boolean expression of NOT Gate is as follows

 Y=A’ or Y=

 The value of Y will be high when A will be low.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 4. NOR Gate

 The NOR gate is the type of universal logic gate. It takes two or

more inputs and gives only one output. The output state of the

NOR gate will be high(1) when all the inputs are low(0). NOR gate

returns the complement result of the OR gate. It is basically a

combination of two basic logic gates i.e., OR gate and NOT gate.

 The Boolean expression of NOR gate is as follows :

 If A and B are considered as two inputs, and O as output, then

the expression for a two input NOR gate will be

 O = (A + B)’

 The value of O will be true when all of its inputs are set to 0.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 5. NAND Gate

 The NAND Gate is another type of Universal logic gate. The

NAND gate or “Not AND” is the combination of two basic logic

gates AND gate and the NOT gate connected in series. It takes

two or more inputs and gives only one output. The output of

the NAND gate will give result high(1) when either of its input is

high(1) or both of its input are low(0). In simple, it performs the

inverted operation of AND gate.

 The Boolean Expression of NAND Gate is as follows

 Say we have two inputs, A and B and the output is called X, then

the expression is

 X = (A . B)’
Programme Name B.C.A
Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 6. XOR Gate
 In digital electronics, there is a specially designed logic gate named,

XOR gate, which is used in digital circuits to perform modulo sum. It

is also referred to as Exclusive OR gate or Ex-OR gate. it is used

extensively in arithmetic logic circuits., logic comparators and error

detection circuits. The XOR gate can take only two inputs at a time

and give an output. The output of the XOR gate is high(1) only when

its two inputs are dissimilar i.e., if one of them is low(0) then other

one will be high(1).

 Say we have two inputs, A and B and the output is called X, then the

expression is The Boolean expression of XOR Gate is as follows X =

A’B + AB’
Programme Name B.C.A
Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 7. XNOR Gate
 The XNOR is the combination of XOR gate and NOT gate. The output of

the XNOR gate is high(1) when both the inputs are high(1) or low(0). In

other words, the output of the XNOR gate is high(1) when both the

inputs are the same. the XNOR gate can be sometimes be called as

Equivalence gate. In simple words, The XNOR gate is the complement

of the XOR gate.

 The following is the Boolean expression of the XNOR gate.

 Y=A⊙B

 Here, A and B are the input variables and Y is the output variable.

 Y = AB + A’B’

Programme
 Name B.C.A
Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 Application of Logic Gates
Logic gates are the fundamental building blocks of all digital circuits and

devices like computers. Here are some key digital devices in which logic

gates are utilized to design their circuits.

 Computers

 Microprocessors

 Microcontrollers

 Digital and smart watches

 Smartphones, etc.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 Realization of OR, AND, NOT and XOR functions using universal gates.

 In Boolean Algebra, the NAND and NOR gates are

called universal gates because any digital circuit

can be implemented by using any one of these two

i.e. any logic gate can be created using NAND or

NOR gates only.

 Every logic gate has a representation symbol. The

below image shows a graphical representation of

all logic gates.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 Implementation of AND Gate from NAND Gate

 The AND gate is developed using two NAND gates

wherein the outputs are combined in such a way that

only when both of the inputs are HIGH will the output

be HIGH.

 The first NAND gate performs a standard NAND

functions, the second NAND gate has both inputs tied

to the output of the initial NAND gate as shown below.

This particular configuration flips the output thus

emulating the behaviors of an AND gate.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 Implementation of AND Gate from NOR Gate

 AND gate is developed from three NOR gate. The inputs

are then transformed with the use of a NOR gate and

then they are negated one more time by using two

more NOR gates.

 Together, these create the AND function, meaning that

all of the conditions set have to be met in order to pass.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 Implementation of OR Gate from NAND Gate

 It is implemented using three NAND gates. The inputs

are first inverted using two NAND gates having their

inputs probed in parallel and then the inverted outputs

are connected with the input of third NAND gate.

 The last NAND gate effectively performs the inverted

signals to give the required OR gate function..

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 Implementation of OR Gate from NOR Gate

 The OR gate is created by using an inverse of the

output of the NOR operation. An inverted form of the

inputs is provided directly into the NOR gate while the

output is provided in NOR gate using fixed inputs.

 This inversion gives the OR gate logic as shown below.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 Implementation of NOT Gate from NAND Gate

 A single NAND gate with ‘a’ and ‘b’ inputs connected

respond to a NOT gate.

 The NOT gate function is achieved as the result of

NAND operation because the input signal is inverted.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 Implementation of NOT Gate from NOR Gate

 A single NOR gate with joining of both inputs perform

the function of NOT gate. The input is negated and the

output thus obtained is the inversion that is

characteristic of an NOT gate..

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 Implementation of XOR Gate from NAND Gate

 XOR gate can be implemented using four NAND gates

as illustrated below. All these input signals are mixed in

a way that first recognizes the disparities between the

two inputs and grinds them to create the XOR output.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab
 Implementation of XOR Gate from NOR Gate

 The XOR gate is implemented by five gates and these

gates are the NOR gates. The inputs are then passed

through a number of NOR gates to remove all the non-

exclusive conditions before the XOR is applied to them.

Programme Name B.C.A

Semester
II Sem Subject-Digital Electronics
Subject Lab