System Software vs.

Application
Software

 System Software is the type of software that is the interface between

application software and system. Low-level languages are used to write
the system software. System Software maintains the system resources
and gives the path for application software to run. An important thing is
that without system software, the system can not run. It is general-
purpose software.
 Application Software is the type of software that runs as per user
request. It runs on the platform which is provided by system software.
High-level languages are used to write the application software. It’s a
specific purpose software. The main difference between System
Software and Application Software is that without system software, the
system can not run on the other hand without application software, the
Low-level maintains system always runs.
Difference between Hardware and Software

 Computer Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical components of

a computer. Computer Hardware is any part of the computer that we
can touch these parts. These are the primary electronic devices used to
build up the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the
Processor, Memory Devices, Monitor, Printer, Keyboard, Mouse, and the
Central Processing Unit.
 Computer Software: Software is a collection of instructions,
procedures, and documentation that performs different tasks on a
computer system. we can say also Computer Software is a
programming code executed on a computer processor. The code can be
machine-level code or the code written for an operating system.
Examples of software are Ms Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Google Chrome,
Photoshop, MySQL, etc.
S. No. Parameters Hardware Software
Hardware is a physical part of the computer Software is a set of instructions that tells a
1. Basic Definition that causes the processing of data. computer exactly what to do.

2. Development It is manufactured. It is developed and engineered.

Hardware cannot perform any task without The software can not be executed without
3. Dependency software. hardware.
Electronic and other materials are used to Created by utilizing a computer language to
4. Process of creating create hardware. write instructions.

Hardware is tangible as hardware is a physical Software is intangible as we can see and also
5. Tangible electronic device, that can be touched. use the software but can’t touch them.

The software does not wear out with time.

6. Durability Hardware typically wears out over time.
However, it may contain flaws and glitches.

It has four main categories: input devices,

It is mainly divided into System software and
7. Types output devices, storage, and internal
Application software.
components.

8. Virus effect Hardware is not affected by computer viruses. Software is affected by computer viruses.

It cannot be transferred from one place to

9. Transfer another electrically through the network.
It can be transferred via a network means.

The program accepts human-readable input,

Only machine-level language is known to be
10. Machine-Level language understood by hardware.
interprets it in machine-level language, and
sends it to hardware for additional processing.

If hardware is damaged, it is replaced with a If the software is damaged, its backup copy can
11. Replacement new one. be reinstalled.
Overloading, systematic error, major-minor
Dust, overheating, dust, and other factors are
12. Failures commonly responsible for hardware failures.
version error, and other factors are commonly
responsible for software failures.

Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, CPU, Ex: MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Photoshop,
13. Examples Hard disk, RAM, ROM, etc. MySQL, etc.
Types of Application Software

• A suite of Microsoft products such as MS Office, PowerPoint, MS Word,

Excel, and Outlook.
• Internet browsers like Google Chrome, Safari, Firefox, etc.
• Graphics and design software such as Adobe Photoshop, CorelDraw,
and AutoCAD.
• Real-time online communication tools like Skype, Hangouts, Google
Meet, Zoom, and Whatsapp.
• Multimedia and music streaming software such as MX Player, VLC
Media Player, Spotify, Pandora, etc.
• Project management software like Asana, Zoho, Slack, Forecast, etc
 Types of System Software

• Operating system: Harnesses communication between hardware,

system programs, and other applications.
• Device driver: Enables device communication with the OS and other
programs.
• Firmware: Enables device control and identification.
• Translator: Translates high-level languages to low-level machine
codes.
• Utility: Ensures optimum functionality of devices and applications.
Types of Operating Systems

• Real-Time OS: Is installed in special purpose embedded systems like robots, cars,
and modems.
• Single-user and single-task OS: Are installed on single-user devices like phones.
• Single-user and multitask OS: Are installed on contemporary personal
computers.
• Multi-user OS: Is installed in network environments where many users have to
share resources. Server OSs are examples of multi-user operating systems.
• Network OS: Is used to share resources such as files, and printers in a network
setup.
• Internet/Web OS: Is designed to run on the browser that is online.
• Mobile OS: Is designed to run on mobile phones, tablets, and other mobile devices.
 Functions of Operating Systems
• They provide the interface between the user and hardware through GUI.
• Manages and allocates memory space for applications.
• Processes the management of applications, input/output devices, and instructions.
• Configures and manages internal and peripheral devices.
• Manages single or multi-user storage in local and network computers.
• Security management of files and applications.
• Manages input and output devices.
• Detects, installs, and troubleshoots devices.
• Monitors system performance through Task Manager and other tools.
• Produce error messages and troubleshooting options.
• Implement interface for network communication.
• Manages printers in single or multi-user systems.
• Internal or network file management.
Device Drivers
 Driver software is a type of system software which brings computer devices
and peripherals to life. Drivers make it possible for all connected components
and external add-ons to perform their intended tasks and as directed by the
OS. Without drivers, the OS would not assign any duties.
 Examples of devices which require drivers:
• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Soundcard
• Display card
• Network card
• Printer

 Usually, the operating system ships with drivers for most devices already in the
market. By default, input devices such as the mouse and keyboard will have
their drivers installed. They may never require third-party installations.
 If a device is newer than the operating system, the user may have to download
drivers from manufacturer websites or alternative sources.
Hardware
 Hardware is everything in, or connected to, a computer that’s part of the
physical world and can be touched. This includes the computer itself, with a
screen, keyboard, and mouse. It also includes devices connected to a computer,
such as speakers and memory cards. The computer’s internal components are
considered hardware as well.
Desktops vs laptops

 People who need to do fairly substantial amounts of work may require a

computer. Desktop computers are stationary and sit on a desk or table.
They operate from a mains power supply, and usually have a separate
screen, mouse, and keyboard. They are versatile and cheaper than a
similarly powerful laptop. Laptop computers, on the other hand, are
portable, battery- or mains-powered, and have an integrated screen or
touchscreen, touchpad, and keyboard. They are usually more
expensive, and tend to have smaller screens and keyboards.
Desktop computer

 is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a

desk due to its size and power requirements. The most common configuration has
a case that houses the power supply, motherboard (a printed circuit board with a
microprocessor as the central processing unit, memory, bus, certain peripherals
and other electronic components), disk storage (usually one or more
hard disk drives, solid state drives, optical disc drives, and in early models a
floppy disk drive); a keyboard and mouse for input; and a computer monitor,
speakers, and, often, a printer for output. The case may be oriented
horizontally or vertically and placed either underneath, beside, or on top of a desk.
Laptops

 laptop, laptop computer, or notebook computer is a small, portable

personal computer (PC) with a screen and alphanumeric keyboard. Laptops
typically have a clam shell form factor with the screen mounted on the inside of
the upper lid and the keyboard on the inside of the lower lid, although 2-in-1 PCs
with a detachable keyboard are often marketed as laptops or as having a "laptop
mode".Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for
mobile use. They are so named because they can be practically placed on a
person's lap when being used. Today, laptops are used in a variety of settings,
such as at work, in education, for playing games, web browsing, for personal
multimedia, and for general home computer use.
Pros and Cons of Desktop PC and
Laptops
Windows PC vs Mac

 The two most popular types of computer are PCs and Macs. PCs usually
run on the Microsoft Windows operating system (OS). They are the most
widely used type of computer, particularly in businesses, and there is a
wide range of software available for them. However, PCs are more
prone to viruses and malware because of their popularity and the
design of the OS. Macs – made by Apple Inc. – are less widely used, but
are particularly popular with graphic designers and photographers.
They tend to be more expensive, but are less vulnerable to viruses
Pros and cons
 Smartphones and tablets
 Billions of users There are more than 2 billion smartphones and 1 billion
tablets in active use worldwide. The first smartphone appeared in 1992, with
IBM’s Simon Personal Computer – a letter box-sized mobile that featured a
digital panel. The real revolution in the field was the release of the Apple
iPhone in 2007. Apple also released the iPad in 2010, the first tablet computer
to prove a hit, though other companies had tried the idea before. Both allow
users to run software applications, or apps, to make use of the hardware and
are navigated by using a touchscreen.
 Mobile connectivity Smartphones are able to send and receive cellular
signals, but can also connect to the internet via Wi-Fi, show the phone’s GPS
location, and connect to other devices over Bluetooth.
 Bigger and more powerful Tablets are bigger than smartphones, which makes
them less portable. They usually have more processing power than
smartphones, and can handle more complex apps.
Examples
How touchscreens work

 A touchscreen is both an input and output device that can display

information and register input from a finger or fingers. Below the outer
protective glass but above the device’s display screen sits a grid of fine,
transparent wires. When a finger comes close to a part of this grid, it
affects the electrical current flowing through the wires. This disturbance
is registered by the touchscreen’s controller chip, and it uses this
information to work out where the touch was made, and by how many
fingers.
 Touchscreen operation
 An average smartphone has about 150 crossing points where the vertical
and horizontal lines cross. Every crossing point is monitored about 100 times
every second, which results in any touch being registered almost instantly.
Tilt and twist / Accelerometer and gyroscope
 Smartphones and tablets detect changes in the orientation (position) of the phone.
The accelerometer is a tiny chip that senses the tilting motion of the device. The
gyroscope is a chip that adds more information to the accelerometer by measuring
rotation or twists.
 Accelerometers and gyroscopes are useful for changing the display of the device
depending on how it is held, such as showing images in the right orientation, or as an
additional input when playing games.
Build-your-own computers
 Do-it-yourself (DIY) computers are split into low-cost microcomputers, such as
the Raspberry Pi, and microcontrollers, devices that hold only one program at a
time. Although the devices themselves are inexpensive, they all require
additional equipment. A Raspberry Pi needs a keyboard, mouse, screen, and
power supply, . Microcontrollers, such as the micro: bit and Arduino boards, need
another computer where the code to be uploaded to them can be written and
transferred to the microcontroller via a USB cable.
15 minutes break
Videos and demo

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Definition of wearable computer

A wearable computer is a portable computer that is worn on the

“

body and is mostly used for health purposes”.

They can also be used as hands-free e.g. they can get signals from
muscles, voice, brain, head position, lips, eye position and these
gestures are to control other devices and computers.
The idea of wearable computers started in the 1500s and this era, a
pocket watch was introduced. In 1667, a smart glass was developed
that can detect lips movement and this smart glass used an LED
device. This discovery was made by Hubert Upton. The steady work
on wearable computers started in the 1990s and many types of
wearable computers were made.
 Wearable computers
examples of wearable
computer
•Smart Watch
•Head-Mounted Displays
(HMDs)
•Smart Clothing
•Smart Jewelry e.g. smart
ring
•Google Glass
•Apple Glass
•Microsoft HoloLens
•Bar Code Reader
•Eye Trackers
•Face Detection
Benefits of wearable computer

 Some benefits of wearable computers are explained below:-

 Work everywhere: You can work anywhere and do the tasks that you can do with your laptop e.g.
you can check emails, check weather information, visit websites etc.
 Improved communication: You can communicate with other people like video calling, taking/sharing
pictures, sharing your location.
 Face recognition: If you are in a crowd and want to detect any face then your wearable computer
(smart glass) can do this for you. You can also get the Google data of any person by using Google
glass.
 Easy to carry: Wearable computer is of small size and is lightweight. You can easily wear and carry
on with you without damaging your body.
 Increase performance: You can increase your productivity in the office and gym by using wearable
computers. You can input different types of data like a screenshot of your workspace. You can track
your walking, bicycling, jumping, running and sleeping also.
 Good Accuracy: You cannot measure any instance of body movement accurately but with a wearable
computer you can do such tracking of body movement easily and with accuracy.
 Limitations of wearable computer
 Some limitations of wearable computers are:-
 Expensive: It is expensive to buy a wearable computer. Some wearable computers are also
costly than smartphones.
 Temperature limitation: If you use a wearable computer in hot weather then it will irritate
you.
 Heavy: Some wearable computers are heavy that are difficult to wear on your body e.g.
military devices.
 Privacy issue: In most locations, smart devices are not permittable to use. It is risky to use a
wearable computer because important data can be leaked from these devices
 Headaches: If you use these smart devices for a long time then you can get headaches and
your health will affect.
 Storage issue: These type of smart devices has low storage capacity and you have to delete
extra data from them occasionally.
 A lot of wiring: You will need to carry extra cables for longer usage of wearable computers.
For example charging cable, data cable, headset cable etc.
 Low data transfer: Most wearable computers work via Bluetooth which have a slow data
transfer speed.
Wearables

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Connected Appliances

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Digital Toys

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 Technology for the very young For kids aged between two and five,
technology is not all about computers. Anything where pressing a
button makes something happen can be considered some kind of
technology. Almost without exception, children find technology
interesting, exciting, and motivating. Of course, too much reliance on
technology can be detrimental, particularly when not supported by
interaction with a parent or caregiver. However, children can gain
useful skills exploring technology as part of a wide range of play
activities