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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive and irreversible airflow obstruction, primarily due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Clinical manifestations include chronic coughing, dyspnea, and frequent respiratory infections, while treatment options encompass bronchodilators, corticosteroids, mucolytics, antibiotics, and surgical interventions such as bullectomy and lung volume reduction surgery. The pathophysiology involves airway obstruction, chronic inflammation, and destruction of lung tissue, leading to respiratory failure.

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shivam bajaj
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2 views

Copd

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive and irreversible airflow obstruction, primarily due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Clinical manifestations include chronic coughing, dyspnea, and frequent respiratory infections, while treatment options encompass bronchodilators, corticosteroids, mucolytics, antibiotics, and surgical interventions such as bullectomy and lung volume reduction surgery. The pathophysiology involves airway obstruction, chronic inflammation, and destruction of lung tissue, leading to respiratory failure.

Uploaded by

shivam bajaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presented by - Sandhya

INTRODUCTION
• Chronic obstruction of the flow of air
through the airways and out of the lungs
,which is progressive and irreversible
COPD –

• EMPHYSEMA
• Impaired gas exchange from destruction
of the walls of over distended alveoli.

• CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
• Excessive accumulation of mucus
Cont..

• BRONCHIECTASIS
• Mucus sticks to bronchi – Infection
/inflammation
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

• Chronic coughing
• Dyspnea
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness
• Frequent respiratory infection
• Enlarged alveoli
• Weight loss
• Morning headache
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DUE TO CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS OF COPD

Continual bronchial irritation Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency


and inflammation

Chronic Bronchitis Breakdown of elastin in connective tissue


• Excess mucus
production
• Chronic productive cough EMPHYSEMA
Destruction of alveolar walls
Loss of lung elasticity

Airway obstruction or air trapping Respiratory failure


Dyspnea /Frequent infection
• BRONCHODILATORS – Relieve bronchospasm by improving
expiratory flow though widening of the airways ,these medications alter
smooth muscle tone and reduce airway obstruction.

ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS-
Selective beta2 agonists- Stimulates beta 2 receptors in smooth muscle of
lung ,promoting bronchodilation.

Short acting beta 2 agonists-


SALBUTAMOL (Orally/Inhaler/Syrup)
TETRABUTALINE –(Orally/Inhaler/)

LONG ACTING BETA AGONIST-


FORMETROL (Inhaler)
SALMETROL(Inhaler)
• THEOPHYLLINE - Is used to prevent and treat wheezing ,shortness
of breath and chest tightness and it relax ,open air passage in lungs ,
makes it easier to breath.(Xenthines classification)

• CORTICOSTEROIDS- Are used to treat inflamed airways. Oral


steroids for COPD –
• Prednisone
• Methylprednisolone
• Dexamethasone

• MUOLYTICS AGENT-Mucolytic agents used to treat


reduces sputum viscosity and also improve sputum clearance.
• GUAIFENESIN
• POTASSIUM IODIDE
• N- ACETYLCYSTEINE
• ANTIBIOTICS – People with COPD ,Chronic infection of the lower
respiratory tract is common .
• Antibiotic therapy is first line treatment choice include-

AMOXICILLIN
CEFECLOR
TRIMETHOPRIM
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE

SECOND LINE TREATMENT CHOICES INCLUDE-


AZITHROMYCIN
CLARITHROMYCIN
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

• Bullectomy. This is surgery to remove large damaged air


sacs, called bullae (or blebs), that can form inside your
lungs. If they’re removed, Patient is able to breathe more
easily.

• Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is a procedure


designed to help to breathe easier when lungs have been
damaged by severe COPD. The goal of the surgery is to
remove the area of the lung most affected by disease,
allowing the remaining lung to function more efficiently,
and improve your breathing ability and quality of life.

• Lung transplant-

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