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FUNDAMENTALS ON CROP SCIENCE 1

The document outlines the characteristics and stages of development of Philippine agriculture, highlighting its agricultural land area, cropping intensity, and the predominance of rice, corn, and coconut cultivation. It details the historical evolution from pre-colonial to post-war periods, including the introduction of technological advancements and the establishment of the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) in 1997 aimed at enhancing food security and competitiveness. Additionally, it discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the agricultural sector in the Philippines.

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19 views25 pages

FUNDAMENTALS ON CROP SCIENCE 1

The document outlines the characteristics and stages of development of Philippine agriculture, highlighting its agricultural land area, cropping intensity, and the predominance of rice, corn, and coconut cultivation. It details the historical evolution from pre-colonial to post-war periods, including the introduction of technological advancements and the establishment of the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) in 1997 aimed at enhancing food security and competitiveness. Additionally, it discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the agricultural sector in the Philippines.

Uploaded by

echalucecrisanthony
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FUNDAMENTALS

ON
CROP SCIENCE 1
MARICAR D. ALEMANIA
Instructor
Characteristics of Philippine Agriculture:

 Agricultural land area - 9.671 M has.


 Cropping intensity (cropping index) – 1.26
 Land man ratio of about 0.20 ha. Lower than the world average of
0.28 ha
 > 80% of agricultural area : planted to three crops : Rice, Corn and
Coconut
 Farmers are heterogeneous: commercial, semi-commercial,
subsistence and landless farm workers.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
OF PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE
Pre- colonial period
Colonial period
Post-war period
Pre-colonial period
• Indo-Malayan migrants brought with them wet-rice agriculture, with
carabao as a source of animal power for cultivation.
• This type of agriculture predominated near bodies of water like rivers
and lakes.

• Slash – and –burn or kaingin culture or non-plow farming


predominated in other areas.
• This indicated shifting agriculture rather than sedentary type of rice
culture and tribes were mainly nomadic.
Pre-colonial period
 Main crops consisted of:

Rice  citrus
 Gabi  Ginger
 yams  Clove
 Bananas  Cinnamon
 Corn millet  nutmeg
Coconuts
Pre-colonial period
 No agricultural specialization existed.
 Pattern of agriculture was chiefly subsistence.
 Farms were small, and chiefly backyard in coastal and riverbank
settlements.
 Most Barangays were self-sufficient.
 Land was abundant and population was estimated to about 500,000
by the mid 16th century.
 Private Land ownership did not exist.
Pre-colonial period
 Absence of food surpluses was attributed to
the absence of full-blown ruling class who
could exploit producers for surplus, limited
foreign trade and food scarcity in some
settlements.
Colonial Period
• This period introduced a non-producing class for which Filipinos
produced surpluses, leading to an increase in agricultural production.
Colonial period
• Introduced –
 mulberry  Watermelon
 Cocoa  coffee
 Wheat  Other varieties of cereals,
peas and vegetables
 cucumber
 cantaloupe

--to the country


Colonial period
 the development of haciendas allowed for

the introduction of technological


innovations in production and processing
like steam or hydraulic-powered sugar mills.
Colonial period
In March 6, 1909, the College of Agriculture
was founded in Los Banos as a unit of the
University of the Philippines. Consequently,
science-based methods of crops and animal
production were introduced.
Post-war period
 Intoduction to technological improvements
 50’s campaign for use of modern farm inputs and farm mechanization.
 60’s building up of market for tractors and power tillers.
 Establishment of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).
 Introduction of high yielding rice varieties which was also termed the
green revolution.
 Further development and expansion of international agricultural trading
especially coconut and its by-products, tobacco, sugar, pineapple, etc.
State of Philippine Agriculture
 The Philippines is rich in agricultural potential; However
agricultural commodities reveal a poor state of agricultural
competitiveness.
 The modernization of the country’s agriculture
sector has been mandated with the signing into law
Republic Act 8435 or the Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act (AFMA). But the AFMA was signed
to law in 1997 and the country remains the biggest
rice importer in the world.
Focus of Agricultural and Fisheries
Modernization Act of 1997 (AFMA)
 Food Security
 Poverty alleviation and social equity
 Income enhancement and profitability
 Global competitiveness
 Sustainable development
 People empowerment
 Protection from unfair competition
Components of AFMA:
1. PRODUCTION AND MARKETING SUPPORT SERVICES
Designation of Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Center
Medium and Long-term Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan
Access to credit
Rehabilitation of existing irrigation system; promotion of affordable and
appropriate irrigation system and watershed conversation
Provision of timely and accurate market and trade information system
Other infrastructure requirements
Use of product standards
Components of AFMA:
2. Human Resource Development
3. Research Development And Extension
4. Rural Non-Farm Employment
5. Trade and Fiscal Incentives
6. Budget Matters
Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities of and
threats to Philippine Agriculture
Strengths

 Availability of expertise in agricultural research and development

Basic Institutions in research are in place

Endowed with natural resources

Availability of agricultural technologies to boost production


Weaknesses
 Physical
 Climate – typhoons, drought
 Soil – loss of top soil due to erosion particularly in sloppy areas
Weaknesses
 Biological
o Insect Pest
o Weeds
o Pathogens
o Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities
o Suitable varieties
Weaknesses
Socio-economic
 Low Farm Income
 Small landholdings
 Decreasing interest in agriculture
 Inadequate support and extension services for optimum production
e.g. irrigation facilities as well as postharvest infrastractures
 Inadequate farm-to-market roads
 Marketing problems
Opportunities
Diverse agro-environment for a diverse cropping system
Wide range of soils and climate to grow different crops
Whole year round growing period
• Sunlight : 11-13 hours
• Temperature: 24-32˚C
• Rainfall: 2400-4000 mm/yr
Threats
 Population growth
Globalization
Weak governance
Deteriorating natural resource endowments

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