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chapter-5-140331202556-phpapp02 (1)

The document discusses control structures in programming, specifically focusing on repetition statements such as while, do...while, and for loops. It explains the syntax and behavior of these loops, including examples of their usage and the concept of nested loops. Additionally, it covers different types of loop control mechanisms like counter-controlled, sentinel-controlled, and flag-controlled loops.

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Eric Coluban Alipan
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3 views

chapter-5-140331202556-phpapp02 (1)

The document discusses control structures in programming, specifically focusing on repetition statements such as while, do...while, and for loops. It explains the syntax and behavior of these loops, including examples of their usage and the concept of nested loops. Additionally, it covers different types of loop control mechanisms like counter-controlled, sentinel-controlled, and flag-controlled loops.

Uploaded by

Eric Coluban Alipan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Control Structure

Repetition
Outlines

 Repetition Statements
 while statement
 do..while statement
 for statement
 Nested loops
 Repetition Control Structures
Repetition Statements
 Repetition statement (or loop) a block of code to be
executed for a fixed number of times or until a certain
condition is met.
 In JAVA, repetition can be done by using the
following repetition statements:
a) while
b) do…while
c) for
The while statement
 The while statement evaluates
expression/condition, which must return a boolean
value. If the expression/condition is true, the
statement(s) in the while block is/are executed.
 Syntax:
while (expression/condition)
Statement(s);
 It continues testing the expression/condition and
executing its block until the expression/condition
evaluates to false
The while statement
Example 1

int i=1;
while (i<5){
System.out.print(i + “”);
i++;
}

Output ? 1234
Example 2

int sum=0, number =1;


while (number <= 10)
{
sum+=number;
number = number + 5;
System.out.println(“SUM :” + sum);
}
System.out.println(“Good Bye”);

Output ? SUM : 1
SUM : 7
Good Bye
The do…while statement
 It is similar to while loops except it first executes the
statement(s) inside the loop, and then evaluates the
expression/condition. If the expression is true, the
statement(s) in the do loop is/are executed again.
 Syntax
do
statement(s);
while (expression);
 It continues executing the statement until the
expression/condition becomes false.
 Note that the statement within the do loop is always
executed at least once.
The do…while statement
Example 3

int i=0;
do{
System.out.print(i +
“”);
i++;
}while(i<=3);

Output ? 0123
Example 4

int sum=0, number =2;


do{
sum+=number;
number = number + 5;
System.out.println(“SUM :” + sum);
} while (number <= 10);

Output ? SUM : 2
SUM : 9
The for statement
 Usually used when a loop will be executed a set
number of times.
 Syntax:
for(initial statement; loop condition; update statement)
statement(s);
 The for loop executes as follow:
1) The initial statement is executed.
2) The loop expression/condition is evaluated. If it is TRUE,
the loop statement is executed followed by the execution
of the update statement
3) Repeat step 2) until the loop condition evaluates to
FALSE.
The for statement
Example 5

for (i=1; i<5; i++)


System.out.print(i);

Output ? 1234
Example 6

for (i=1; i<3; i++){


System.out.print(“YAHOO” + “”);
System.out.print(“***”);
}

Output ? YAHOO ***YAHOO ***


Example 7

for (i=1; i<=5; i++)


System.out.print(“YAHOO”);
System.out.print(“***”);

Output ? YAHOO YAHOO YAHOO YAHOO YAHOO ***


Nested Loops

 The placing of one loop inside the body of


another loop is called nesting.
 When you "nest" two loops, the outer loop
takes control of the number of complete
repetitions of the inner loop.
 While all types of loops may be nested, the
most commonly nested loops are for loops.
Nested for Loops

 When working with nested loops, the outer loop


changes only after the inner loop is completely
finished (or is interrupted.).
Example 8

int num1, num2;


for(num2 = 0; num2 <= 2; num2++)
{
for(num1 = 0; num1 <= 1; num1++)
{
System.out.println(num2 + " " + num1);
}
}

00
Output ? 01
10
11
20
21
Infinite Loop
 By using any repetition statements, make sure that
the loop will eventually terminate.
 An infinite loop occurs when a condition always
evaluates to true and continues to execute endlessly.
int product =0;
for (product = 0;product < 10;)
{ product = product * 2;
System.out.println(product);
}
Repetition Control Structures

Repetition can be controlled by:


 Counter controlled loop
 Sentinel controlled loop
 Flag controlled loop

Exercise
Counter Controlled Loop

 Know exactly how many times a set of statements


needs to be executed.
Example 10:
int num =1;
while (num < 10)
{
System.out.print (num);
num = num +2;
}
Output ? 13579
back
Sentinel Controlled Loop

 You might not know exactly how many times a set of


statements needs to be executed.
 It uses a "special" or sentinel value to indicate that
the loop is to end.
 This must be a value that doesn't occur normally in
the data.
Example 11 (complete program)

import java.util.Scanner;
class sentinelLoop {
public static void main (String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter an Integer, or -1 to stop: ");
int choice= input.nextInt();
while (choice!=-1)
{
System.out.println("INSIDE LOOPING");
System.out.print("Enter an Integer, or -1 to stop: ");
choice= input.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("Sentinel value detected. Good Bye.");
}
}
Example 11 ….

OUTPUT?
Enter an Integer, or -1 to stop: 2
INSIDE LOOPING
Enter an Integer, or -1 to stop: 5
INSIDE LOOPING
Enter an Integer, or -1 to stop: 0
INSIDE LOOPING
Enter an Integer, or -1 to stop: -1
Sentinel value detected. Good Bye.

back
Flag Controlled Loop
 Use a boolean variable to control the loop

boolean found = false;


while (!found){
:
:
if(expression)
found = true;
}

back
Exercise 1:
What is the output of the following program?
public class LoopExercise1
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
int choice=1, total=0;
while (choice <4){
total = choice++;
System.out.print(total); }
}
}
Exercise 2:
What is the output of the following program?
public class LoopExercise2
{
public static void main (String args[]){
for (int number =2; number <20; number++)
{
number = number *2;
if (number <15)
System.out.println(number);}
}
}
Exercise 3:
How many times is the following loop body repeated?

public class LoopExercise3 {


public static void main (String args[])
{
int i=1;
do {
if ((i % 2)== 0)
System.out.print(i);
i++;
} while(i<5);
}
}

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