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Exploring Random Variables

Chapter 1 covers random variables and probability distributions, explaining key concepts such as discrete and continuous random variables, sample spaces, and events. It includes in-class activities for practical understanding and illustrates how to construct probability distributions and compute their mean, variance, and standard deviation. The chapter emphasizes the importance of probability in determining outcomes of experiments and provides formulas for calculating various statistical measures.

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Tenses Bellera
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Exploring Random Variables

Chapter 1 covers random variables and probability distributions, explaining key concepts such as discrete and continuous random variables, sample spaces, and events. It includes in-class activities for practical understanding and illustrates how to construct probability distributions and compute their mean, variance, and standard deviation. The chapter emphasizes the importance of probability in determining outcomes of experiments and provides formulas for calculating various statistical measures.

Uploaded by

Tenses Bellera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1:

Random Variables
and
Probability Distribution
Learning outcome(s):
At the end of the lesson,the learner is
able to illustrate a random variable;
classify random variables as discrete
or continuous; and find the possible
values of a random variable
Probability- is a field of
mathematics that deals
with chances
Experiment- is any
activity, which can be
done repeatedly under
similar conditions
Sample space- is the set of all possible
outcomes of an experiment

Trial-each repetition of an experiment

Outcome- is a result of an experiment


Event- is any collection of outcomes

Simple Event- is an event with only


one possible outcome
𝒏(𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕)
𝑷 ( 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 ) =
𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆)
number of outcomes of the event

number of all possible outcomes


EXPLORING
RANDOM VARIABLES
RANDOM
VARIABLES VARIABLES

is a
characteristic or variables that are
attribute that can 06
associated with
assume different probabilities
values
In-class Activity 1
Defective Cell Phones

Suppose three cell phones are tested at


random. We want to find out the number
of defective cell phones that occur.
Thus, to each outcome in the sample
space we shall assign a value.
02 1 03
These are If there is no defective cell
phone, we assign the number ; if
there is defective cell phone, we
assign the number , if there is
defective cell phone, we assign the
number and , if there are three
defective cell phones.
The number of defective cell
phones is random variable. The
possible values of this random
variable are .
Let represent the defective cell
phone and represent the non-
defective cell phones. If we let be
the random variable representing
the number of defective cell phones,
can you show the values of the
random variable
Complete the table to show the
values of the random variable.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable
(number of defective cell
phones)
In-class Activity 2
Tossing Three Coins
Suppose three coins are tossed.
Let be the random variable
representing the number of tails
that occur. Find the values of the
random variable . Complete the
table below.
In-class Activity 2
Tossing Three Coins
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable
(number of tails)
In-class Activity 3
Drawing Balls from an Urn
Two balls are drawn in succession
without replacement from an urn
containing red balls and blue
balls. Let be the random variable
representing the number of blue
balls. Find the values of the random
variable .
Discrete Random Variable
A random variable is a discrete
random variable if its set of possible
outcomes is countable. Mostly, it
represents count data, such as the
number of defective chairs produced
in a factory.
Continuous Random Variable
A random variable is a continuous
random variable if it takes on values
on a continuous scale. Often, it
represents measured data, such as
heights, weights, and temperatures.
Classify the following random
variables as discrete or continuous
1.The number of defective computers produced by a
manufacturer.
2.The weight of newborns each year in a hospital.
3.The number of siblings in a family of a region.
4.The amount of paint utilized in a building project.
5.The speed of a car.
CONSTRUCTING
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be
able to:

1.Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete


random variable and its properties
2.Compute probabilities corresponding to a
given random variable; and
3.Construct the probability mass function of a
discrete random variable and its corresponding
histogram
DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
A discrete probability distribution or
a probability mass function consists
os the values a random variable can
assume and the corresponding
probabilities of the values.
In-class Activity 1
Number of Tails
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let
be the random variable
representing the number of tails that
occur. Find the probability of each of
the values of the random variable .
Table 1.1.
The Probability Distribution or
The Probability Mass Function
of Discrete Random Variable
Number of
Tails
Probability
In-class Activity 2
Number of Blue Balls
Two balls are drawn in succession
without replacement from an urn
containing red balls and blue balls.
Let be the random variable
representing the number of blue balls.
Construct the probability distribution
of the random variable .
Table 1.2.
The Probability Distribution or
The Probability Mass Function
of Discrete Random Variable
Number of
Blue Balls
Probability
Figure 1.1.
The Histogram for the
Probability Distribution
of the Discrete Random Variable
HISTOGRAM
• A histogram is a bar graph that shows the
frequency data occur within a certain interval

• In a histogram, the bars are always vertical,


the width of each bar is based upon the size
of the interval it represents, and there are no
gaps between adjacent bars.
EXAMPLES OF
HISTOGRAM
PROPERTIES OF A
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION

1. The probability of each value of the random


variable must be between or equal to and . In
symbol, we write it as .

2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the


random variable must be equal to . In symbol, we
write it as .
COMPUTING THE MEAN
OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
In-class Activity 1
Number of Spots

Consider rolling a die. What is


the average number of spots
that would appear?
In-class Activity 1
Number of Spots

Step 1. Construct the probability


distribution for the random
variable representing the number
of spots that would appear.
Step 2. Multiply the value of the
random variable by the
corresponding probability.

Step 3. Add the results obtained


in Step 2.
Number of Spots Probability
Step 1. 1
Construct the 2
probability 3
distribution for 4
the random 5
variable 6
representing
the number of
spots that
would appear.
Number of Probability
Spots
Step 2. Multiply
the value of the
1
random
variable by the 2
corresponding
probability. 3

6
Number of Probability
Spots
Step 3. 1

Add the 2
3
results 4

obtained in 5
6
Step 2.
21
∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 ( 𝑋 )= 6 =3. 5
So, the mean of the probability
distribution is . This implies that the
average number of spots that would
appear in a roll of a die is
In-class Activity 2
Grocery Items
The probabilities that a customer will buy
items in a grocery store are and
respectively. What is the average number
of items that a customer will buy?
In-class Activity 3
Surgery Patients
The probabilities that a surgeon operates
on patients in any day are respectively.
Find the average number of patients that a
surgeon operates on a day.
COMPUTING THE VARIANCE
AND STANDARD DEVIATION
OF A DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
The variance and standard
deviation describe the amount of
spread, dispersion, or variability of
the items in a distribution.
Steps in Finding the Variance and
Standard Deviation
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution
2. Subtract the mean from each value of the
random variable
3. Square the results obtained in Step
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step by the
corresponding probability.
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step
In-class Activity 1
Number of Cars Sold
The number of cars sold per day at a local car
dealership, along with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the succeeding
table. Compute the variance and the standard
deviation of the probability distribution by
following the given steps.
Number of Cars Sold Probability
Number of Probability
Cars Sold

Step 1. Find the


mean of the
probability
distribution
using the
formula
Step 2. Subtract
the mean from
each value of
the random
variable
Step 3.
Square
the results
obtained
in Step 2
Step 4.
Multiply
the results
obtained
in Step 3
by the
correspon
ding
probability
Step 5. Get the
sum of the
results
obtained in
Step 4. The
result is the
value of the
variance. So,
the formula is
Step 6. Get the
square root of
The variance of the probability
the variance to distribution is .
get the
standard
deviation.
The standard deviation is
Formula for the Variance and Standard
Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution

The variance of a discrete probability


distribution is given by the formula:
Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of
a Discrete Probability Distribution
The standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution
is given by the formula:

Where:
Alternative Procedure in Finding the Variance and
Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution

1.Find the mean of the probability distribution.

2. Multiply the square of the value of the random


variable by its corresponding probability.

3. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step .

4. Subtract the mean from the results obtained in


Step .
Number of Cars Sold

The number of cars sold per day at a


local car dealership, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in
the succeeding table. Compute the
variance and the standard deviation of
the probability distribution by following
the given steps.
Number of Cars Probability
Sold

Step 1. Find the


mean of the
probability
distribution
using the
formula
Number of Probability
Cars Sold
Step 2. Multiply
the square of
the value of the
random variable
by its
corresponding
probability.
Number of Probability
Cars Sold

Step 3. Get
the sum of the
results
obtained in
Step .
Step 4.
Subtract the The variance is
mean from the
results obtained

= 6.4 – 4.84
in Step to get
the variance. So
the formula is
Step 4. The standard
deviation is the square
root of the variance. Thus,

The standard deviation is


Alternative Formula for the Variance and Standard
Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution

The variance of a discrete probability


distribution is given by the formula:

𝜎 =∑ 𝑿 ∙𝑷 ( 𝑿 ) −𝝁
2 𝟐 𝟐
The standard deviation of a discrete probability
distribution is given by the formula:

Where:
Answer the following:
• A. Number of Heads
• 1. When three coins are tossed, the
probability distribution for the random
variable representing the number of times
that heads turn up is given below. Compute
the variance and standard deviation of the
probability distribution.
Number of Heads X Probability P(X)
NUMBER OF ITEMS SOLD

•The number of items sold per day


at a retail store, with its
corresponding probabilities, is
shown in the table. Find the
variance and standard deviation
of the probability distribution.
Number of Items Sold Probability
A. Complete the table below and find
the variance and standard deviation of
the following probability distribution.
Using the alternative solution.
1.
2.

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