UNIT IX:

CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
REPORTERS:
ARGIE ESTOPIA
ROLEN F. GONZALES
ALLEN LASANAS
SHAYNE SUNICO
  OBJECTIVES:

1. Discuss the function and physical characteristics of the various components

of blood
2. Explain the blood cell production
3. Explain the basis of ABO and Rh incompatibilities;
4. Construct a concept map to explain blood clotting formation
5. Explain the blood supply , the feature of the conduction system &the
physiology of cardiac muscle contruction;
6. Describe the phases, timing and sound associated with cardiac cycles;
7. Define output(co)and discuss the factors that affect it;
8. List the major veins and arteries that supply each of the majorbody areas and
describe the functions
9. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of arteries ,veins
&capillaries
10. Describe the blood vessels of the pulmonary circulation;
11. List the maojor arteries that supply each of the body areas and describe their
functions.
12. Tabulate the major veins that carry blood from each of the body areas and
give their functions.
13. Describe the short term and long term mechanism that regulate arterial
pressure.
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
•The cardiovascular system consists of the blood, heart and
blood vessels. The heart and vessels work together
intricately to provide adequate blood flow to all parts of
the body.
•With each heartbeat, the heart sends blood throughout our
bodies, carrying oxygen to every cell. After delivering the
oxygen, the blood returns to the heart. The heart then
sends the blood to the lungs to pick up more oxygen. This
cycle repeats over and over again.
 BLOOD
• Blood is a specialized body fluid. It has four main components:
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood
has many different functions, including: transporting oxygen
and nutrients to the lungs and tissues.
• The blood that runs through the veins, arteries, and capillaries
is known as whole blood, a mixture of about 55 percent plasma
and 45 percent blood cells. About 7 to 8 percent of your total
body weight is blood. An average-sized man has about 12 pints
of blood in his body, and an average-sized woman has about
  THE COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
• Many people have undergone blood tests or
donated blood, but hematology - the study of blood -
encompasses much more than this. Doctors who
specialize in hematology (hematologists) are leading
the many advances being made in the treatment and
prevention of blood diseases.
• If you or someone you care about is diagnosed with a
blood disorder, your primary care physician may refer
SO, THERE ARE EIGHT POSSIBLE
BLOOD TYPES:
• O negative. This blood type doesn't have A or B markers, and it
doesn't have Rh factor.
• O positive. This blood type doesn't have A or B markers, but it does
have Rh factor. ...
• A negative. ...
• A positive. ...
• B negative. ...
• B positive. ...
• AB negative. ...
• AB positive.
BLOOD
COMPONENTS
  PLASMA
•The liquid component of blood is called
plasma, a mixture of water, sugar, fat,
protein, and salts. The main job of the plasma
is to transport blood cells throughout your
body along with nutrients, waste products,
antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical
messengers such as hormones, and proteins
  RED BLOOD CELLS (ALSO CALLED
ERYTHROCYTES OR RBCS)

• Known for their bright red color, red cells are the most abundant cell in the blood,
accounting for about 40 to 45 percent of its volume. The shape of a red blood cell is a
biconcave disk with a flattened center - in other words, both faces of the disc have
shallow bowl-like indentations (a red blood cell looks like a donut).
• Production of red blood cells is controlled by erythropoietin, a hormone produced
primarily by the kidneys. Red blood cells start as immature cells in the bone marrow
and after approximately seven days of maturation are released into the bloodstream.
Unlike many other cells, red blood cells have no nucleus and can easily change shape,
helping them fit through the various blood vessels in your body. However, while the
lack of a nucleus makes a red blood cell more flexible, it also limits the life of the cell
as it travels through the smallest blood vessels, damaging the cell's membranes and
depleting its energy supplies. The red blood cell survives on average only 120 days.
•Red cells contain a special protein called
hemoglobin, which helps carry oxygen from
the lungs to the rest of the body and then
returns carbon dioxide from the body to the
lungs so it can be exhaled. Blood appears red
because of the large number of red blood
cells, which get their color from the
hemoglobin. The percentage of whole blood
volume that is made up of red blood cells is
  WHITE BLOOD CELLS (ALSO CALLED
LEUKOCYTES)
• White blood cells protect the body from infection. They are much fewer in number
than red blood cells, accounting for about 1 percent of your blood.
• The most common type of white blood cell is the neutrophil, which is the "immediate
response" cell and accounts for 55 to 70 percent of the total white blood cell count.
Each neutrophil lives less than a day, so your bone marrow must constantly make
new neutrophils to maintain protection against infection. Transfusion of neutrophils
is generally not effective since they do not remain in the body for very long.
• The other major type of white blood cell is a lymphocyte. There are two main
populations of these cells. T lymphocytes help regulate the function of other immune
cells and directly attack various infected cells and tumors. B lymphocytes make
antibodies, which are proteins that specifically target bacteria, viruses, and other
foreign materials.
  PLATELETS (ALSO CALLED
THROMBOCYTES)
• Unlike red and white blood cells, platelets are not actually cells but rather small
fragments of cells. Platelets help the blood clotting process (or coagulation) by
gathering at the site of an injury, sticking to the lining of the injured blood vessel,
and forming a platform on which blood coagulation can occur. This results in the
formation of a fibrin clot, which covers the wound and prevents blood from
leaking out. Fibrin also forms the initial scaffolding upon which new tissue forms,
thus promoting healing.
• A higher than normal number of platelets can cause unnecessary clotting, which
can lead to strokes and heart attacks; however, thanks to advances made in
antiplatelet therapies, there are treatments available to help prevent these
potentially fatal events. Conversely, lower than normal counts can lead to
extensive bleeding.
  COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC)

• A complete blood count (CBC) test gives your doctor important information
about the types and numbers of cells in your blood, especially the red blood
cells and their percentage (hematocrit) or protein content (hemoglobin),
white blood cells, and platelets. The results of a CBC may diagnose
conditions like anemia, infection, and other disorders. The platelet count and
plasma clotting tests (prothombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and
thrombin time) may be used to evaluate bleeding and clotting disorders.
• Your doctor may also perform a blood smear, which is a way of looking at
your blood cells under the microscope. In a normal blood smear, red blood
cells will appear as regular, round cells with a pale center. Variations in the
size or shape of these cells may suggest a blood disorder.
  RH-ABO INCOMPATIBILITY

•If the blood of a mother contains antibodies

which do not suit the blood type of the baby,
blood incompatibilities happen for the
newborn. The blood of the mother is
transfused to the fetus through umbilical
cord, which breaks down the red blood cells
in the infant. In case of such incompatibility,
• Rh factor (or Rhesus factor) is a type of protein
on the outside or surface of your red blood cells.
You inherit the protein, which means you get your
Rh factor from your biological parents. If you
have the protein, you’re Rh-positive. If you don’t
have the protein, you’re Rh-negative. The
majority of people, about 85%, are Rh-positive.
• During pregnancy, complications may occur if
you’re Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive.
This is called Rh factor incompatibility.
•The Rh type of blood is named after
the rhesus monkeys used for
research purposes in the 1940's. The
Rh blood incompatibility has a great
risk for both the mother and the
infant. This incompatibility happens
when the mother's blood type is Rh
  CONSEQUENCES OF RH - ABO
INCOMPATIBILITY
• In case of Rh incompatibility between the mother and the fetus,
the mother's blood antibodies destroy the red blood cells of the
infant. This incompatibility arises several fatal blood related
problems in newborns. The risk increases with second and
consequent pregnancies of the Rh incompatible mothers. The
first pregnancy of an Rh negative mother may not have as
much difficulties related to incompatibility for the Rh positive
infant as compared to the second and later pregnancies, which
can have life-endangering health conditions.
 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

• Fortunately, this incompatibility is detectable in early months

of pregnancy. For treating it, doctors administer a shot to the
mother in the 28th week of pregnancy and another after 72
hours of delivery. In case the antibodies already develop in
the fetus, the doctors will closely monitor the levels. If the
situation becomes dangerous while the baby is still inside
the womb, the doctors may order exchange transfusion to
the baby while inside the womb. Such blood transfusion
stabilizes the situation. It is needed on rare occasions only.
  COMPLICATIONS
Rh disease can lead to the following complications
for the newborn:
• Brain damage
• Heart failure
• Jaundice
• Severe anemia
• Death
CONCEPT MAP ABOUT
BLOOD CLOTTING
FORMATION
  HEART
• Your heart is the main organ of your cardiovascular system, a
network of blood vessels that pumps blood throughout your
body. It also works with other body systems to control your
heart rate and blood pressure. Your heart is located in the
front of your chest. It sits slightly behind and to the left of your
sternum (breastbone). Your ribcage protects your heart.
Everyone’s heart is a slightly different size. Generally, adult
hearts are about the same size as two clenched fists, and
children’s hearts are about the same size as one clenched fist.
 WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE HEART’S
ANATOMY?

The parts of your heart are like the parts of a house.

Your heart has:
Walls.
Chambers (rooms).
Valves (doors).
Blood vessels (plumbing).
Electrical conduction system (electricity).
 HEART WALLS

• Your heart walls are the muscles that contract (squeeze)

and relax to send blood throughout your body. A layer of
muscular tissue called the septum divides your heart
walls into the left and right sides.
• Your heart walls have three layers:
• Endocardium: Inner layer.
• Myocardium: Muscular middle layer.
• Epicardium: Protective outer layer.
The epicardium is one layer of
your pericardium. The
pericardium is a protective sac
that covers your entire heart.
It produces fluid to lubricate
your heart and keep it from
rubbing against other organs.
  HEART CHAMBERS
Your heart is divided into four chambers. You have two chambers on
the top (atrium, plural atria) and two on the bottom (ventricles), one
on each side of the heart.
• Right atrium: Two large veins deliver oxygen-poor blood to your
right atrium. The superior vena cava carries blood from your upper
body. The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower body.
Then the right atrium pumps the blood to your right ventricle.
• Right ventricle: The lower right chamber pumps the oxygen-poor
blood to your lungs through the pulmonary artery. The lungs reload
blood with oxygen.
•Left atrium: After the lungs fill blood
with oxygen, the pulmonary veins carry
the blood to the left atrium. This upper
chamber pumps the blood to your left
ventricle.
•Left ventricle: The left ventricle is
slightly larger than the right. It pumps
oxygen-rich blood to the rest of your body.
  HEART VALVES
Your heart valves are like doors between your heart chambers.
They open and close to allow blood to flow through.
• The atrioventricular (AV) valves open between your upper and
lower heart chambers. They include:
• Tricuspid valve: Door between your right atrium and right
ventricle.
• Mitral valve: Door between your left atrium and left ventricle.
Semilunar (SL) valves open when blood flows
out of your ventricles. They include:
• Aortic valve: Opens when blood flows out of
your left ventricle to your aorta (artery that
carries oxygen-rich blood to your body).
• Pulmonary valve: Opens when blood flows
from your right ventricle to your
pulmonary arteries (the only arteries that
carry oxygen-poor blood to your lungs).
Your heart receives nutrients through a network of coronary arteries.
These arteries run along your heart’s surface. They serve the heart
itself.
• Left coronary artery: Divides into two branches (the circumflex
artery and the left anterior descending artery).
• Circumflex artery: Supplies blood to the left atrium and the side
and back of the left ventricle.
• Left anterior descending artery (LAD): Supplies blood to the
front and bottom of the left ventricle and the front of the septum.
• Right coronary artery (RCA): Supplies blood to the right atrium,
right ventricle, bottom portion of the left ventricle and back of the
septum.
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
SYSTEM
Your heart’s conduction system is like the electrical wiring of a house.
It controls the rhythm and pace of your heartbeat. It includes:
• Sinoatrial (SA) node: Sends the signals that make your heart
beat.
• Atrioventricular (AV) node: Carries electrical signals from your
heart’s upper chambers to its lower ones.
• Your heart also has a network of electrical bundles and fibers. This
network includes:
•Left bundle branch: Sends electric
impulses to your left ventricle.
•Right bundle branch: Sends electric
impulses to your right ventricle.
•Bundle of His: Sends impulses from your
AV node to the Purkinje fibers.
•Purkinje fibers: Make your heart
ventricles contract and pump out blood.
  BLOOD VESSELS
• Blood vessels are the channels or conduits through which
blood is distributed to body tissues. The vessels make up
two closed systems of tubes that begin and end at the
heart. One system, the pulmonary vessels, transports
blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to
the left atrium. The other system, the systemic vessels,
carries blood from the left ventricle to the tissues in all
parts of the body and then returns the blood to the right
atrium. Based on their structure and function, blood
  ARTERIES
• Arteries distribute oxygen-rich blood to your body.
Arteries, part of your circulatory (cardiovascular)
system, are the blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich
blood from your heart to all of your body's cells.
They play a crucial role in distributing oxygen,
nutrients and hormones throughout your body.
  TYPES OF ARTERIES
You have two types of arteries that have slightly
different functions. Both have a role in carrying
oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body’s
tissues.
• Elastic: Have more elastic tissue than muscular
arteries and are located close to your heart.
Examples: Aorta and pulmonary artery.
• Muscular: Have more smooth muscle than elastic
• The first type, elastic, is like when a
football player catches the ball, absorbing
the force from the throw. This is the type
that gets your blood from your heart before
passing it on to other arteries.

• The second type, muscular, is like when

they run down the field with the ball,
getting it to where it needs to go. This is
Interesting facts about arteries
• Arteries get messages from your central nervous
system to tighten or open up. This affects your
blood pressure, or the force of your blood moving
through your arteries. Arteries help keep your blood
pressure steady. They also control blood flow. They
do both by tightening or loosening their muscle
walls.
• Roughly 10% of your body’s blood is in your arteries
at any point in time.
  CAPILLARIES
•Capillaries, the smallest and most numerous of
the blood vessels, form the connection
between the vessels that carry blood away
from the heart (arteries) and the vessels that
return blood to the heart (veins). The primary
function of capillaries is the exchange of
materials between the blood and tissue cells.
  VEINS
•Veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-
poor blood to your heart. Pulmonary veins
are an exception because they carry
oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your
heart. Veins in your legs fight gravity to
push blood up toward your heart.
  THE VENOUS SYSTEM
•The venous system refers to your network of veins
and the way your veins connect with other blood
vessels and organs throughout your body. Your
venous system is organized into two main parts or
circuits. These are the systemic circuit and the
pulmonary circuit. Each circuit relies on blood
vessels (veins, arteries and capillaries) to keep
blood moving.
  SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
•Systemic circulation carries oxygenated
blood from the left ventricle, through the
arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of
the body. From the tissue capillaries, the
deoxygenated blood returns through a
system of veins to the right atrium of the
heart.
  PULMONARY CIRCUIT
•Pulmonary circulation transports
oxygen-poor blood from the right
ventricle to the lungs, where blood
picks up a new blood supply. Then it
returns the oxygen-rich blood to the
left atrium.
 REFFERENCES

• https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/blood-basics#:~:text=Blo
od%20is%20a%20specialized%20body,to%20the%20lungs%20and%20tis
sues
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21704-heart
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22896-arteries
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23360-veins
• https://www.defranciscolaw.com/rh-abo-incompatibility.html
• https://
columbiaskinclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/womans-face-with-br
oken-capillaries.jpg