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VITAMIN K

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood coagulation and bone mineralization, with sources including leafy greens, egg yolk, and liver. Daily requirements range from 50-100 µg, and deficiencies are rare but can occur due to antibiotic use or malnutrition, leading to prolonged clotting times and bleeding. Newborns are particularly at risk for deficiency and are recommended to receive a prophylactic dose of vitamin K.

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4 views15 pages

VITAMIN K

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood coagulation and bone mineralization, with sources including leafy greens, egg yolk, and liver. Daily requirements range from 50-100 µg, and deficiencies are rare but can occur due to antibiotic use or malnutrition, leading to prolonged clotting times and bleeding. Newborns are particularly at risk for deficiency and are recommended to receive a prophylactic dose of vitamin K.

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VITAMINS III

1
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

 VITAMIN A (RETINOL)
 VITAMIN D
 VITAMIN K
 VITAMIN E

2
VITAMIN K

3
FORMS OF VITAMIN K

a. Phylloquinone ( or Vitamin K1 ) in plants

b. Menaquinone ( or Vitamin K2 ) in intestinal


bacterial flora

c. Menadione ( or Vitamin K3, a synthetic derivative


of Vitamin K ) used in therapy

4
VITAMIN K SOURCES

 Leafy green vegetables


 Cabbage
 Egg yolk
 Liver
 Milk
 Bacterial synthesis in GI tract

5
DAILY REQUIREMENT OF
VITAMIN K

 50 -100 µg/day .

 Deficiency
is unusual because adequate
amounts are produced by intestinal bacteria

6
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
VITAMIN K
 Vitamin K serves as an essential
cofactor for an enzyme carboxylase that
catalyzes carboxylation of glutamic acid
residues on vitamin K-dependent
proteins. These proteins are involved in:
1) Coagulation
2) Bone Mineralization
 Synthesis of blood-clotting
proteins and bone proteins that
regulate blood calcium
COAGULATION
 The transformation of
liquid blood into a solid
gel
 Stops blood flow in the
damaged area
 Fibrin is the final protein
which produces a
meshwork to trap RBC
and other cells
o Vitamin K is necessary for
synthesis of prothrombin .
VITAMIN K DEPENDENT
COAGULATION
 Certain clotting factors/proteins require calcium to
bind for activation

 Calcium can only bind after gamma carboxylation


of specific glutamic acid residues in these proteins

 Vitamin K2 (vitamin K) acts as a cofactor for this


carboxylation reaction

 These proteins are known as “Vitamin K


dependent” proteins
VITAMIN K DEPENDENT
PROTEINS
 Factor II (Prothrombin)
 Factor VII (Proconvertin)
 Factor IX (Thromboplastin Component)
 Factor X (Stuart Factor)
 Protein C
DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN K
 Vitamin K deficiency is unusual because adequate
amounts are generally produced by intestinal bacteria or
obtained from the diet

 If the bacterial population in the gut is decreased, for


example by antibiotics, the amount of endogenously
formed vitamin k is depressed, and can lead to
hypoprothrombinemia in malnourished individual.
 Clotting time is prolonged with tendency to bleed severely
even from minor injuries.
 Bleeding occur usually from GIT, urinary tract and uterus.

11
DEFICIENCY OF
VITAMIN K
 This condition may require
supplementation with vitamin K
to correct the bleeding tendency

 Certain second generation cephalosporins cause


hypoprothrombinemia

 Consequently, their use in treatment is usually


supplemented with vitamin K.

12
DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN K
IN THE NEWBORN
 Newborns have sterile intestines and
cannot initially synthesize Vit.K
 Because human milk provides only
about one fifth of the daily
requirement for vitamin K, it is
recommended that all newborns
receive a single intramuscular dose
of vitamin K as prophylaxis against
hemorrhagic disease

13
VITAMIN K

Vitamin K Deficiency
Symptoms include hemorrhaging
Secondary deficiencies may occur with use of
antibiotics
TOXICITY OF VITAMIN K

 Prolonged administration of large doses of


synthetic vitamin K (menadione) can produce
hemolytic anemia and jaundice in the infant, due
to toxic effects on the membrane of red blood
cells.

15

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