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sampling

The document explains the concepts of population and sample, highlighting the necessity, practicality, cost-effectiveness, and manageability of sampling. It details various sampling methods, including probability sampling, non-probability sampling, simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, with examples for each. The aim is to provide a clear understanding of how to effectively collect data from a representative subset of a larger group.

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zainsardar045
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3 views

sampling

The document explains the concepts of population and sample, highlighting the necessity, practicality, cost-effectiveness, and manageability of sampling. It details various sampling methods, including probability sampling, non-probability sampling, simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, with examples for each. The aim is to provide a clear understanding of how to effectively collect data from a representative subset of a larger group.

Uploaded by

zainsardar045
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Con….

• Population: The total number of people or


things you are interested in
• Sample: A smaller number within your
population that will represent the whole
• Sampling: The process and method of
selecting your sample
Population vs. Sample
• A population is the entire group that you want
to draw conclusions about.
• A sample is the specific group that you will
collect data from. The size of the sample is
always less than the total size of the
population.
Reasons for sampling
• Necessity: Sometimes it’s simply not possible to
study the whole population due to its size or
inaccessibility.
• Practicality: It’s easier and more efficient to
collect data from a sample.
• Cost-effectiveness: There are fewer participant,
laboratory, equipment, and researcher costs
involved.
• Manageability: Storing and running statistical
analyses on smaller datasets is easier and reliable.
Example
For example, suppose a drug manufacturer would like to

research the adverse side effects of a drug on the country’s

population. In that case, it is almost impossible to conduct

a research study that involves everyone. In this case, the

researcher decides on a sample of people from

each demographic and then researches them, giving

him/her indicative feedback on the drug’s behavior.


Types of sampling: sampling methods
• Probability sampling: Probability sampling is a
sampling technique where a researcher selects a
few criteria and chooses members of a population
randomly. All the members have an equal
opportunity to participate in the sample with this
selection parameter.
• Non-probability sampling: In non-
probability sampling, the researcher randomly
chooses members for research. This sampling
method is not a fixed or predefined selection
process. This makes it difficult for all population
elements to have equal opportunities to be
included in a sample.
Example
• For example, in a population of 1000
members, every member will have a 1/1000
chance of being selected to be a part of a
sample. Probability sampling
eliminates sampling bias in the population and
allows all members to be included in the
sample.
Simple random sampling

• In a simple random sample, every member of


the population has an equal chance of being
selected. Your sampling frame should include
the whole population.
Example
• Example: Simple random sampling
You want to select a simple random sample of
1000 employees of a social media marketing
company. You assign a number to every
employee in the company database from 1 to
1000, and use a random number generator to
select 100 numbers.
Systematic sampling
• Systematic sampling is similar to simple
random sampling, but it is usually slightly
easier to conduct. Every member of the
population is listed with a number, but instead
of randomly generating numbers, individuals
are chosen at regular intervals.
• It involves selecting every nth member from
the population after establishing a random
starting point, ensuring an equitable chance
for each member to be included in the sample.
Example:
• Systematic sampling: All employees of the
company are listed in alphabetical order. From
the first 10 numbers, you randomly select a
starting point: number 6. From number 6
onwards, every 10th person on the list is
selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and you
end up with a sample of 100 people.
Example
• If you had a list of 1,000 customers (your
target population) and you wanted to survey
200 of them, your interval would be 5. This
means that you would sample
every 5th person in your list of 1,000
customers.
• 1,000 / 200 = 5
Stratified sampling
• To use this sampling method, you divide the
population into subgroups (called strata)
based on the relevant characteristic (e.g.,
gender identity, age range, income bracket,
job role).
• Stratified sampling designs involve partitioning
a population into strata based on a certain
characteristic that is known for every sampling
unit in the population, and then selecting
samples independently from each stratum.
Example:
• Stratified sampling:The company has 800 female
employees and 200 male employees. You want
to ensure that the sample reflects the gender
balance of the company, so you sort the
population into two strata based on gender.
Then you use random sampling on each group,
selecting 80 women and 20 men, which gives
you a representative sample of 100 people.
Cluster sampling

• Cluster sampling also involves dividing the


population into subgroups, but each subgroup
should have similar characteristics to the
whole sample. Instead of sampling individuals
from each subgroup, you randomly select
entire subgroups.
Example
• Cluster sampling:The company has offices in
10 cities across the country (all with roughly
the same number of employees in similar
roles). You don’t have the capacity to travel to
every office to collect your data, so you use
random sampling to select 3 offices – these
are your clusters.

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