Gases – Topic Outlines

• Properties of Gas
• Gas Pressure
• Gas Laws & Ideal Gas Equation
• Density of Gases
• Stoichiometry involving gas reactions
• Root-mean-square speed
 Properties of Gases

• Expand to completely fill their container

• Take the Shape of their container
• Low Density
– much less than solid or liquid state
• Compressible
• Mixtures of gases are always
homogeneous
• Fluid
2
 Gas Pressure
• Pressure = total force applied to a certain
area
– larger force = larger pressure
– smaller area = larger pressure
• Gas pressure caused by gas molecules
colliding with container or surface
• More forceful collisions or more frequent
collisions mean higher gas pressure

3
 Pressure
force
Pr essure =
area

• SI units = Newton/meter2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)

• 1 standard atmosphere = 101,325 Pa
• 1 standard atmosphere = 1 atm =
760 mm Hg = 760 torr
 Barometer
• Device used to measure
atmospheric pressure.
• Mercury flows out of the
tube until the pressure of
the column of mercury
standing on the surface of
the mercury in the dish is
equal to the pressure of the
air on the rest of the surface
of the mercury in the dish.
 Manometer or Pressure Gauge

• Device used for

measuring the
pressure of a
gas in a
container.
Opened-end Manometer
 Pressure Conversions: An Example

The pressure of a gas is measured as 2.5 atm.

Represent this pressure in both torr and pascals.

 760 torr 
2.5 atm  
  = 1.9 10 3
torr
 1 atm 

 101,325 Pa 
2.5 atm  
  = 2.5 10 5
Pa
 1 atm 
 Ideal Gas Laws
• Boyle’s Law:
– For a given quantity of gas at constant temperature, volume is
inversely proportional to the pressure;
– V = b/P (b is a proportionality constant); P1V1 = P2V2
• Charles’s Law:
– For a given quantity of gas at constant pressure, volume is directly
proportional to the temperature in Kelvin;
– V = cT (c is a proportionality constant); V1/T1 = V2/T2
• Avogadro’s Law:
– At fixed temperature and pressure, volume is directly proportional
to the moles of gas;
– V = an (a is a proportionality constant); V1/n1 = V2/n2
 Boyle’s Law
• Pressure is inversely proportional to
Volume
– constant T and amount of gas
– graph P vs V is curve
– graph P vs 1/V is straight line
• as P increases, V decreases by the same
factor
• P x V = constant
• P1 x V 1 = P2 x V 2
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 Exercise

A sample of helium gas occupies 12.4 L

at 23°C and 0.956 atm. What volume
will it occupy at 1.20 atm assuming that
the temperature stays constant?

9.88 L
 Charles’s Law
• Volume and Temperature (in Kelvin) are
directly related (constant P and n).
• V=bT (b is a proportionality constant)
• K = °C + 273
• 0 K is called absolute zero.

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
 Exercise

Suppose a balloon containing 1.30 L of

air at 24.7°C is placed into a beaker
containing liquid nitrogen at –78.5°C.
What will the volume of the sample of
air become (at constant pressure)?

0.849 L
 Avogadro’s Law
• Volume and number of moles are directly
related (constant T and P).
• V = an (a is a proportionality constant)

n1 n2
=
V1 V2
 Exercise
If 2.45 mol of argon gas occupies a
volume of 89.0 L, what volume will 2.10
mol of argon occupy under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure?

76.3 L
 Ideal Gas Law
• We can bring all of these laws together
into one comprehensive law:
 V = bT (constant P and n)
 V = an (constant T and P)
 V = k/P (constant T and n)
PV = nRT
(where R = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K, the
universal gas constant)
 Exercise
An automobile tire at 23°C with an
internal volume of 25.0 L is filled with
air to a total pressure of 3.18 atm.
Determine the number of moles of air in
the tire.

3.27 mol
 Exercise
What is the pressure in a 304.0 L tank
that contains 5.670 kg of helium at
25°C?

114 atm
 Exercise
At what temperature (in °C) does 121 mL
of CO2 at 27°C and 1.05 atm occupy a
volume of 293 mL at a pressure of 1.40
atm?

696°C
 Molar Volume of an Ideal Gas

• For 1 mole of an ideal gas at 0°C and 1

atm, the volume of the gas is 22.42 L.

V=
nRT
=
1.000 mol0.08206 L atm/K mol 273.2 K  = 22.42 L
P 1.000 atm

• STP = standard temperature and pressure

 0°C and 1 atm
 Therefore, the molar volume is 22.42 L at
STP.
 Standard Temperature and Pressure

• STP = Standard Temperature and Pressure

– Standard Temperature = 0oC = 273.15 K
– Standard Pressure = 1.000 atm (760.0 torr)

• At STP, 1.000 mole of ideal gas = 22.424 L;

• Ideal gas constant, R = 0.08206 L.atm/K.mol = 62.36

L.torr
/K.mol;
• Other value of R is 6.236 x 104 mL.torr/K.mol;
 Exercise
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of
2.50 L at STP. How many grams of O2
are present?

3.57 g
 Density-Molar Mass Relationships

• Density = Mass/Volume = grams/L

• Mass (in grams) = mole x molar mass = nM
PV nM
Mole, n  Density 
RT V

PM dRT
Density , d  Molar Mass 
RT P
 Molar Mass of a Gas
 g   L atm 
  
dRT  L   mol K  K
g
Molar mass = = =
P atm  mol

 d = density of gas
 T = temperature in Kelvin
 P = pressure of gas
 R = universal gas constant
 Exercise

What is the density of F2 at STP (in g/L)?

1.70 g/L
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
• In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the sum
of the partial pressures of individual gases.

• If the partial pressures of gases A, B, C,…are PA, PB, PC,..,

then the total pressure is
• PTotal = PA + PB + PC + …
• Since PA = nART/V; PB = nBRT/V, and PC = nCRT/V,
• PT = (nART/V) + (nBRT/V) + (nCRT/V)
• = (nA + nB + nC + …)(RT/V) = (ntotal)RT/V
 Exercise
Consider the following apparatus
containing helium in both sides at 45°C.
Initially the valve is closed.
– After the valve is opened, what is the
pressure of the helium gas?

2.00 atm
3.00 atm
9.00 L
3.00 L
 Exercise
27.4 L of oxygen gas at 25.0°C and 1.30 atm, and
8.50 L of helium gas at 25.0°C and 2.00 atm were
pumped into a 5.81-liter tank at 25°C.
• Calculate the new partial pressure of oxygen.
6.13 atm
• Calculate the new partial pressure of helium.
2.93 atm
• Calculate the new total pressure of both gases.
9.06 atm
 Concept Check
You are holding two
balloons of the same
volume. One contains
He
helium, and one contains
hydrogen. Complete each of H2
the following statements
with “different” or “the
same” and be prepared to
justify your answer.
 Concept Check

•Complete the following

statement with “different” or He
“the same” and be prepared to
justify your answer. H2
•The pressures of the gas
in the two balloons are
________________.
 Concept Check
•Complete the following
statement with “different”
or “the same” and be He
prepared to justify your
answer. H2
•The temperatures of the
gas in the two balloons are
_____________.
 Concept Check
•Complete the following
statement with “different”
or “the same” and be He
prepared to justify your
answer. H2
•The numbers of moles of
the gas in the two balloons
are __________.
 Concept Check
•Complete the following
statement with “different”
or “the same” and be He
prepared to justify your
answer. H2
•The densities of the gas in
the two balloons are
__________.
 Explanation of Boyle’s Law

• Pressure-Volume Relationship
• At constant temperature, gaseous particles
travel with the same average speed.
• If volume is compressed, the average
distance traveled by particles decreases;
• This leads to a higher frequency of
molecular collisions with walls, which leads
to higher gas pressure.
 Explanation of Charles’s Law

• Volume–Temperature Relationship
• The volume of a gas will increase proportionally
as the temperature increases at constant pressure.
• Increasing the temperature causes:
– molecules to travel faster;
– rate of molecular collision with container walls
increases.
• To maintain a constant pressure when temperature
increases:
– the volume of the gas must increase to reduce the
frequency of collisions.
 Concept Check
VNe = 2VAr
Ne
Which of the following best
represents the mass ratio of
Ne:Ar in the balloons? Ar
1:1
1:2
2:1
1:3
3:1
Concept Check
•You have a sample of
nitrogen gas (N2) in a
container fitted with a
piston that maintains a
pressure of 6.00 atm.
Initially, the gas is at 45C
in a volume of 6.00 L.
•You then cool the gas
sample.
 Concept Check
Which best explains the final result that occurs
once the gas sample has cooled?

a) The pressure of the gas increases.

b) The volume of the gas increases.
c) The pressure of the gas decreases.
d) The volume of the gas decreases.
e) Both volume and pressure change.
 Concept Check

The gas sample is then cooled to a temperature

of 15C. Find the new gas volume. (Hint: A
moveable piston keeps the pressure constant
overall, so what condition will change?)

5.43 L
 Explanation of Charles’s Law

• Pressure-Temperature Relationship
• Gas pressure will increase proportionally as the
temperature is increased at constant volume.
• As the temperature increases, average molecular
speed increases;
• This causes frequency of collisions to increase,
which leads to an increase in pressure.
 Explanation of Avogadro’s Law

• Volume – Mole Relationship

• At constant temperature, increasing the
number of gas molecules leads to higher
rates of collisions and higher pressure;
• To maintain a constant pressure, volume of
gas must expand.
• Avogadro’s law: at constant temperature
and pressure, gas volume increases
proportionally with the number of moles.
 Real Gases

• We must correct for non-ideal gas

behavior when:
– Pressure of the gas is high.
– Temperature is low.
• Under these conditions:
– Concentration of gas particles is high.
– Attractive forces become important.
Plots of PV/nRT Versus P for Several
Gases (200 K)
Plots of PV/nRT Versus P for Nitrogen
Gas at Three Temperatures