Teaching English in the

Elementary Grades
through Literature

AS15Eng2

Manilyn V. Miñoza,Ed.D.
WMSU Course Professor

WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

Lesson objectives
a.Define reading
b.Identify the two major
components of reading
c.Discuss the three models of the
reading process
d.Explain the factors that affect
reading
e.Describe the developmental
stages in reading
 Activity
• Group yourselves into five and discuss
among your groups about the following
questions in the K chart below.
• Answer the questions and present your
output using a graphic organizer.
K
Questions Answers
In your own words:
1.What is reading ?
2.What is the importance of
reading?
3.What are the three
(3)models of the reading
process?
4.What are the
four(4)developmental stages
in reading?
Rubric
Content -10
Delivery - 5
Creativity- 5
Attitude- 5___
30
• Learning to read is one of the
most important skills acquired
during a lifetime.
What is Reading?
The Nature of Reading
Through the years,reading
experts have come up with
various definition of reading.
Bond and Tinker (1967) define
reading as “a complex process
which involves the recognition
of the printed or written symbols
which serve as the result of
meaning built up through the
reader’s past experience.”
• Anderson (1985) defines
reading as “a process in which
information from the text and
knowledge possessed by the
reader get together to produce
meaning.”
 What are the 2 major
components of
reading?
Major components of Reading
1.Recognizing and analyzing
words often referred as decoding.
2.Understanding words and ideas
often called comprehension.
• Thus ,reading is a combination of
being able to recognize or analyze
words almost instantly and to
understand what the words mean
when they are strung together in a
sentence,a paragraph,
or a longer passage.
 What are the
three popular
Models of Reading?
Three Models of Reading
There are three popular
models which relate to the
decoding and comprehension
aspects which describe how
readers construct meaning from
written texts.These are Bottom-
up,Top-down and Interactive.
What is a bottom –up
model of reading?
 A. Bottom-Up Model by Gough
• This model emphasizes the
material read and is often described
as text driven.Proponents of this
model believe that the material
being read is more important to the
process than the person who reads
the material.The model focuses on
the the reader’s recognition or
analysis of the words or decoding.
What is a top –down
model of reading?
B.Top-Down Model by
Goodman
This emphasizes the reader and is often
described as concept-driven.Proponents of
the model believe that the reader is more
important to the process of reading than
the material being read.This is due to the
fact that the reader usually has prior
knowledge about the topic which he uses
to make predictions about meaning of the
selection.His prior knowledge is a powerful
influence on his comprehension of the text.
What is an interactive
model of reading?
C.Interactive Model also called
transactive by Rumelhart
This emphasizes both the
reader and the material being
read.The model describes the
process in which the reader and
the text work together to elicit
meaning.
Generalizations of Reading
The authors of Becoming a Nation
Readers(Anderson,et al.,1985)
summarized five generalizations of
reading.
• Reading is a constructive process.
The written material is
interpreted differently by different
readers according to the store of
knowledge(schema) that each
reader brings to the reading of the
text.
• Reading must be fluent.
To be skilled reader , a person
must be able to identify and
pronounce the words(decode)
quickly and accurately.
• Reading must be strategic.
-A skilled reader reads for
different purposes and alters or
manipulates his reading-thinking
skills according to the purpose of
the material being read.He can
also take corrective action when
reading comprehension does not
occur.
• Reading requires motivation.
The teacher provides a proper
setting and effective instruction to
motivate pupils to read.These
involves management skills,high
expectations,appropriate
grouping,quality direct instruction
and a warm,nonthreatening
classroom environment.
• Reading is a continuous
development of skills.
Reading is a skill that
continues to improve through
practice.The process begins with a
person’s earliest exposure to text
and a literate culture and continues
throughout life.
 What are the factors
that
affect reading?
Factors that Affect Reading
• Physiological Factors
In reading English and the Philippine
languages,the eyes move from the beginning
of one line (L) to the end of the line (R) ,then
make the return sweep.As the eyes
move,they note likenesses and differences in
size,shape, and combinations of letters.
Likewise,the reader develops skills in
auditory and visual discrimination,eye-hand
coordination, and motor skills to perform all
the mechanical skills associated with
reading.
Some technical terms related
to how reading takes place:
• Fixation-is made when the eyes stop.Good
readers have fewer fixations than poor readers.
• Interfixation movements-are
caused by the eyes which move
from one stopping point to another.
• Return sweeps-refer to the quick
swinging back of the eyes from the
end of the line to the beginning of
the next line.
• Regressions- are backward or right-to-left
movements made in a reverse direction.
Readers usually regress as a result of
habit ,although some do so to
double-check a point.Even good
readers make some regressions,
but they are usually fewer than
those made by the poor ones.
• Span of recognition or
perception span-is the number of
words taken every time the eyes
stop.It is synonymous with the
length or distance recognized within
one fixation.
• Duration of fixation- is the length of
time the eyes pause.Most readers
make an average of four eye stops
per second,but poor readers
require more time to
pause in order to see accurately.
A person who makes fewer
fixations has a longer duration.
• Intellectual Factors
The innate capacity to
learn, intelligence, and mental
maturity affect reading
performance.The higher the IQ,
the better the reading skills.
• Psychological Factors
Feelings about self and
about others affect reading
performance.Emotional stability
leads to better concentration;
interesting topics and an attractive
presentational style promotes the
desire to read.
• Linguistic Factors
To read well, the reader
must understand sound-
symbol relationships,
intonation,stress,rythym, and
pause.Reading efficiency is
dependent on context
meaning,on usage, and on
sentence structure.
• Sociological Factors
Reading is a social
process affected by
attitudes,loyalties,conflicts,and
prejudices.Reading ability is
enhanced by social
acceptance,by self-reliance, and
by cooperation in a group.
What are the
developmental
stages of individual
growth in reading ?
Reading as a Developmental
Task
• Developmental reading
-refers to a comprehensive reading
program which consists of several
periods or stages that usually coincide
with the individual’s stages of growth,as
follows:
a.Reading readiness-refers to the period
when the child is getting ready to
read.This starts with the preschool years.
b. Beginning reading
-is the stage at which the child
starts to recognize certain
symbols,words,phrases and
sentences that stand for ideas.This
covers Grades I and II.
c.Period of rapid growth
-is the stage at which most children
have mastered the techniques of
reading such as basic sight
vocabulary,use of pictures,action
and configuration clues ,use of
phonetic and structural
analyses,and use of context
clues.This covers Grades III and VI.
d.Period of refinement
-This period is characterized by wide
reading where learners are ready to interpret
selections more intensively.Reading
becomes a tool for purposeful reading.
The learners use varied skills such as
reading for pleasure,critical/analytical reading
for problems in science,math,or oral reading
interpretation for the pleasure of others.This
covers the high school up to college.
Application
1.What insights have you gained from
the various concepts of reading?Explain
thoroughly.(10 points)
2.Present the three models of reading
and the factors that affect reading using
canva app.(30 points)
Enrichment Activity
1. What is the importance of reading to you
as a student.Explain thoroughly in
your own words.(10 points)
Thank You!