SIGNAL PROCESSING &

CONTROL FOR GPS

BY:
Solanki
Akshay A.
 INDEX
1,What is the GPS?
2,History of the GPS
3,Components of the System

4,The GPS Constellation

5,GPS Satellite Vehicle
6,Components of the System
 What is the GPS?
 Orbiting navigational satellites
 Transmit position and time data
 Handheld receivers calculate
 latitude
 longitude
 altitude
 velocity

 Developed by Department
of Defense
 History of the GPS
 1969—Defense Navigation Satellite
System (DNSS) formed
 1973—NAVSTAR Global Positioning
System developed
 1978—first 4 satellites
launched
Delta rocket launch
 History of the GPS
 1993—24th satellite
launched; initial
operational capability
 1995—full operational
capability
 May 2000—Military
accuracy available to
all users
 Components of the System
Space segment
 24 satellite vehicles
 Six orbital planes
 Inclined 55o with respect to
equator
 Orbits separated by 60o
 20,200 km elevation above
Earth
 Orbital period of 11 hr 55
min
 Five to eight satellites
visible from any point on
Earth
Block I Satellite Vehicle
The GPS Constellation
GPS Satellite Vehicle
 Four atomic clocks
 Three nickel-cadmium
batteries
 Two solar panels
 Battery charging
 Power generation
 1136 watts
 S band antenna—satellite
control
 12 element L band antenna—
user communication

Block IIF satellite vehicle (fourth

generation)
 GPS Satellite Vehicle
 Weight
 2370 pounds
 Height
 16.25 feet
 Width
 38.025 feet including
wing span
 Design life—10 years
Block IIR satellite vehicle
assembly at Lockheed
Martin, Valley Forge, PA
 Components of the System
User segment
 GPS antennas & receiver/processors
 Position
 Velocity
 Precise timing
 Used by
 Aircraft
 Ground vehicles
 Ships
 Individuals
 Components of the System

Ground control segment

 Master control station
 Schreiver AFB, Colorado
 Fivemonitor stations
 Three ground antennas
 Backup control system
GPS Communication and Control
GPS Ground Control Stations
 How does GPS work?
 Satellite ranging
 Satellite locations
 Satellite to user distance
 Need four satellites to determine position
 Distance measurement
 Radiosignal traveling at speed of light
 Measure time from satellite to user
 Low-tech simulation
 How does GPS work?
 Distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how
long a radio signal takes to reach us from that satellite.
 To make the measurement we assume that both the
satellite and our receiver are generating the same
pseudo-random codes at exactly the same time.
 By comparing how late the satellite's pseudo-random
code appears compared to our receiver's code, we
determine how long it took to reach us.
 Multiply that travel time by the speed of light and you've
got distance.
 High-tech simulation
 How does GPS work?
 Accurate timing is the key to measuring
distance to satellites.
 Satellites are accurate because they have
four atomic clocks ($100,000 each) on
board.
 Receiver clocks don't have to be too
accurate because an extra satellite range
measurement can remove errors.
 How does GPS work?
 To use the satellites as references for range
measurements we need to know exactly where they are.
 GPS satellites are so high up their orbits are very
predictable.
 All GPS receivers have an almanac programmed into
their computers that tells them where in the sky each
satellite is, moment by moment.
 Minor variations in their orbits are measured by the
Department of Defense.
 The error information is sent to the satellites, to be
transmitted along with the timing signals.
GPS Position Determination
System Performance
 Standard Positioning
System
 100 meters horizontal accuracy
 156 meters vertical accuracy
 Designed for civilian use
 No user fee or restrictions
 Precise Positioning
System
 22 meters horizontal accuracy
 27.7 meters vertical accuracy
 Designed for military use
 System Performance
Selective availability
 Intentionaldegradation of signal
 Controls availability of system’s full capabilities
 Set to zero May 2000
 Reasons
 Enhanced 911 service
 Car navigation
 Adoption of GPS time standard
 Recreation
 System Performance
 The earth's ionosphere and atmosphere
cause delays in the GPS signal that
translate into position errors.
 Some errors can be factored out using
mathematics and modeling.
 The configuration of the satellites in the
sky can magnify other errors.
 Differential GPS can reduce errors.
Application of GPS Technology
 Location - determining a basic position
 Navigation - getting from one location to
another
 Tracking - monitoring the movement of
people and things
 Mapping - creating maps of the world
 Timing - bringing precise timing to the
world
Application of GPS Technology
 Private and recreation
 Traveling by car
 Hiking, climbing, biking
 Vehicle control
 Mapping, survey, geology
 English Channel Tunnel
 Agriculture
 Aviation
 General and commercial
 Spacecraft
 Maritime
GPS Navigation
 GPS News
 http://www.gpseducationresource.com/gps
news.htm
 One–page reading exercise
 Center of page—main topic
 Four corners—questions & answers from
reading
 Four sides—specific facts from reading
 Spaces between—supporting ideas,
diagrams, definitions
 Article citation on back of page
 Military Uses for the GPS
Operation Desert Storm
 Featureless terrain
 Initial purchase of 1000 portable commercial
receivers
 More than 9000 receivers in use by end of the
conflict
 Foot soldiers
 Vehicles
 Aircraft
 Marine vessels
Geocaching
 Cache of goodies
established by individuals
 Coordinates published on
Web
 Find cache
 Leave a message
 Leave some treasure
 Take some treasure

 http://www.geocaching.com/
 Handheld GPS Receivers
 Garmin eTrex
 ~$100

 Garmin-12
 ~$150

 CasioGPS
wristwatch
 ~$300

 The GPS Store

 GPS Operation Jargon
 “Waypoint” or “Landmark”
 “Track” or “Heading”
 “Bearing”
 CDI
 Route
 Mark
 GOTO
GPS/Digital
Telephone
 GPS Websites
 USNO NAVSTAR Homepage
 Info on the GPS constellation
 How Stuff Works GPS
 Good everyday language explanation
 Trimble GPS tutorial
 Flash animations
 GPS Waypoint registry
 Database of coordinates
 Classroom Applications
 Physics
 Distance, velocity, time
 Orbital concepts
 Earth Science
 Mapping
 Spacecraft
 Environmental Science
 Migratory patterns
 Population distributions
 GLOBE Program
 Mathematics
 Geography
 Technology
 Classroom Applications
Careers
 Aerospace
 Satellite
vehicles
 Launch vehicles
 Hardware engineering
 Ground control systems
 User systems
 Softwareengineering
 Research careers
In and Out of the Classroom
Problem Solving
Sometimes the solution is over your
head . . .
 Kansas Science Education
Standards
Students will:
 demonstrate the fundamental abilities
necessary to do scientific inquiry
 apply different kinds of investigations to
different kinds of questions
 expand their use and understanding of
science and technology
 National Science Education
Teaching Standards
Teachers of science
 Plan an inquiry-based science program for
their students
 Guide and facilitate learning
 Design and manage learning
environments that provide students with
the time, space, and resources needed for
learning science
 National Science Education
Content Standards
. . . all students should develop
 Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
 Understandings about scientific inquiry
 Abilities of technological design
 Understandings about science and technology
 Understandings about
 Motions and forces
 Population growth
 Natural resources
 Environmental quality
 Science and technology in local, national, and global challenges
 “Where does he get those
wonderful toys?”
 Student-centered
 High interest
 Outdoors
 High visibility
 Integrated curriculum
 Inquiry
Thanks for your interest in the
Global Positioning System