MAT H 1 03

WHAT WORD
AM I?
VEDANA, J ONI E M.
 MAT H 1 03

OSEARNGNI

VEDANA, J ONI E M.
 MAT H 1 03

REASONI
NG
VEDANA, J ONI E M.
 MAT H 1 03

OOFRP

VEDANA, J ONI E M.
 MAT H 1 03

PROOF

VEDANA, J ONI E M.
 MAT H 1 03

MTHOED

VEDANA, J ONI E M.
 MAT H 1 03

METHOD

VEDANA, J ONI E M.
 MAT H 1 03

METHODS
Proof
OF

VEDANA, J ONI E M.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Define deductive reasoning, postulates, and

hypothesis and coclusion.
• Explain their application and its signicance.
• Appreciate the concepts of methods of proof and
its importance.
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning is
Proof
Deductive reasoning enables us to derive true or
acceptably true conclusions from statements
which are true or accepted as true. It consists of
three steps as follows:
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning is
Proof
Deductive reasoning enables us to derive true or
acceptably true conclusions from statements
which are true or accepted as true. It consists of
three steps as follows:
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning is
Proof
It consists of three steps as follows:
1.Making a general statement referring to a whole
set or class of things, , such as the class of dogs: All
dogs are quadrupeds (have four feet).
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning is
Proof
2. Making a particular statement about one or
some of the members of the set or class referred to
in the general statement: All greyhounds are dogs.
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning is
Proof
3. Making a deduction that follows logically when
the general statement is applied to the particular
statement: All greyhounds are quadrupeds.
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning is
Proof
Deductive reasoning is called syllogistic reasoning
because the three statements together constitute a
syllogism. In a syllogism the general statement is
called the major premise, the particular statement is
the minor premise, and the deduction is the
conclusion.
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning is
Proof
Thus, in the above syllogism:
1. The major premise is: All dogs are quadrupeds.
2. The minor premise is: All greyhounds are dogs.
3. The conclusion is: All greyhounds are quadrupeds.
Proof by Deductive Reasoning

1.Since the major premise or general

statement states that all dogs are
quadrupeds, the circle representing
dogs must be inside that for
quadrupeds.
2.Since the minor premise or particular
statement states that all greyhounds
are dogs, the circle representing
greyhounds must be inside that for
dogs.
Proof by Deductive Reasoning

3.The conclusion is obvious. Since the

circle of greyhounds must be inside the
circle of quadrupeds, the only possible
conclusion is that greyhounds are
quadrupeds.
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Observation, Measurement, and
Experimentation are not Proof
Observation cannot serve as proof. Eyesight, as in
the case of a color-blind person, may be defective.
Appearances may be misleading.
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Observation, Measurement, and
Experimentation are not Proof
Thus, in each part of Fig. 2-2, AB does not seem to
equal CD although it actually does.
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Observation, Measurement, and
Experimentation are not Proof
Measurement cannot serve as proof. Measurement
applies only to the limited number of cases involved.
The conclusion it provides is not exact but
approximate, depending on the precision of the
measuring instrument and the care of the observer.
 Proof by Deductive Reasoning
Observation, Measurement, and
Experimentation are not Proof
Experiment cannot serve as proof. Its conclusions
are only probable ones. The degree of probability
depends on the particular situations or instances
examined in the process of experimentation.
 Postulates (Assumptions)

The entire structure of proof in geometry rests upon,

or begins with, some unproved general statements
called postulates. These are statements which we
must willingly assume or accept as true so as to be
able to deduce other statements.
 Postulates (Assumptions)
Algebraic Postulates
POSTULATE 1: Things equal to the same or equal
things are equal to each other; if a = b and c = b,
then a = c. (Transitive Postulate)
POSTULATE 2: A quantity may be substituted for its
equal in any expression or equation. (Substitution
Postulate)
 Postulates (Assumptions)
Algebraic Postulates
POSTULATE 3: The whole equals the sum of its
parts. (Partition Postulate)
POSTULATE 4: Any quantity equals itself. (Reflexive
Postulate or Identity Postulate)
 Postulates (Assumptions)
Algebraic Postulates

POSTULATE 5: If equals are added to equals, the

sums are equal; if a=b and c=d, then a+c=b+d.
(Addition Postulate)
POSTULATE 6: If equals are subtracted from equals,
the differences are equal; if a=b and c=d, then a-
c=b-d. (Subtraction Postulate)
 Postulates (Assumptions)
Algebraic Postulates

POSTULATE 7: If equals are multiplied by equals,

the products are equal; if a=b and c=d, then ac=bd.
(Multilication Postulate)
POSTULATE 8: If equals are divided by equals, the
quotients are equal; if a=b and c=d, then a/c=b/d.
(Subtraction Postulate)
 Postulates (Assumptions)
Algebraic Postulates

POSTULATE 9: Like powers of equals are equal; if

a=b and an=bn. (Powers Postulate)
POSTULATE 10: Like roots of equals are equals; if
a=b then square root of a = square root of b.
 Postulates (Assumptions)
Geometric Postulates

POSTULATE 11: One and only one straight line can

be drawn through any two points.
POSTULATE 12: Two lines can intersect in one and
only one point
 Postulates (Assumptions)
Geometric Postulates

POSTULATE 13: The length of a segment is the

shortest distance between two points.
POSTULATE 14: One and only one circle can be
drawn with any given point as center and a given
line segment as a radius.
 Postulates (Assumptions)
Geometric Postulates

POSTULATE 15: Any geometric figure can be

moved without change in size or shape.
POSTULATE 16: A segment has one and only one
midpoint.
POSTULATE 17: An angle has one and only one
bisector.
 Postulates (Assumptions)
Geometric Postulates

POSTULATE 18: Through any point on a line, one

and only perpendicular can be drawn to the line.
POSTULATE 19: Through any point outside a line,
one and only one perpendicular can be drawn to the
given line.
 Basic Angle Theorem

A theorem is a statement, which, when proved, can

be used to prove other statements or derive other
results. Each of the following basic theorems
requires the use of definitions and postulates for its
proof.
 Basic Angle Theorem

PRINCIPLE 1: All right angles are congruent.

PRINCIPLE 2: All straight angles are congruent.
PRINCIPLE 3: Complements of the same or of
congruent angles are congruent.
PRINCIPLE 4: Supplements of the same or of
congruent angles are congruent.
PRINCIPLE 5: Vertical angles are congruent.
 Determining the Hypothesis and
Conclusion
Statement Forms: Subject-Predicate Form and
If-Then Form
The statements ‘‘A heated metal expands’’ and ‘‘If a
metal is heated, then it expands’’ are two forms of the
same idea.
 Determining the Hypothesis and
Conclusion

Hypothesis Conclusion
Form
(What is given) (What is to be provided)

Hypothesis is
Subject-predicate form: A Conclusion is predicate:
subject: A heated
heated metal expands. expands
metal

Hypothesis is if
If-then form: If a metal is Conclusion is then clause:
clause: If a metal is
heated, then it expands. then is expands
heated
 Determining the Hypothesis and
Conclusion
Converse of a Statement

The converse of a statement is formed by

interchanging the hypothesis and conclusion. Hence to
form the converse of an if-then statement, interchange
the if and then clauses. In the case of the subject-
predicate form, interchange the subject and the
predicate.
 Determining the Hypothesis and
Conclusion
Converse of a Statement

Thus, the converse of ‘‘triangles are polygons’’ is

‘‘polygons are triangles.’’ Also, the converse of ‘‘if a
metal is heated, then it expands’’ is ‘‘if a metal
expands, then it is heated.’’ Note in each of these
cases that the statement is true but its converse need
not necessarily be true.
 Determining the Hypothesis and
Conclusion
Converse of a Statement

PRINCIPLE 1: The converse of a true statement is not

necessarily true.
PRINCIPLE 2: The converse of a definition is always
true.
Proving a Theorem
 WHY DO YOU THINK ITS
IMPORTANT FOR KNOW THE
METHODS OF PROOF?
THANK
YOU!