Chapter 2

Kinematics in One Dimension

Kinematics deals with the concepts that
are needed to describe motion.

Dynamics deals with the effect that forces

have on motion.

Together, kinematics and dynamics form

the branch of physics known as Mechanics.
2.1 Displacement

 
x o initial position x final position
  
x x  x o displacement
2.1 Displacement

 
x o 2.0 m x 5.0 m


x 7.0 m

  
x x  x o 7.0 m  2.0 m 5.0 m
2.1 Displacement

 
x 2.0 m x  5.0 m


x o 7.0 m

  
x x  x o 2.0 m  7.0 m  5.0 m
2.1 Displacement

 
x o  2.0 m x 5.0 m


x 7.0 m

  
x x  x o 5.0 m   2.0 m 7.0 m
2.2 Speed and Velocity

Average speed is the distance traveled divided by the time

required to cover the distance.

Distance
Average speed 
Elapsed time

SI units for speed: meters per second (m/s)

2.2 Speed and Velocity

Example 1 Distance Run by a Jogger

How far does a jogger run in 1.5 hours (5400 s) if his

average speed is 2.22 m/s?

Distance
Average speed 
Elapsed time

Distance  Average speed Elapsed time 

2.22 m s 5400 s  12000 m
2.2 Speed and Velocity

Average velocity is the displacement divided by the elapsed

time.
Displacement
Average velocity 
Elapsed time

  
 x  x o x
v 
t  to t
2.2 Speed and Velocity

Example 2 The World’s Fastest Jet-Engine Car

Andy Green in the car ThrustSSC set a world record of

341.1 m/s in 1997. To establish such a record, the driver
makes two runs through the course, one in each direction,
to nullify wind effects. From the data, determine the average
velocity for each run.
2.2 Speed and Velocity


 x  1609 m
v  339.5 m s
t 4.740 s


 x  1609 m
v   342.7 m s
t 4.695 s
2.2 Speed and Velocity

The instantaneous velocity indicates how fast

the car moves and the direction of motion at each
instant of time.


 x
v  lim
t  0 t
2.3 Acceleration

The notion of acceleration emerges when a change in

velocity is combined with the time during which the
change occurs.
2.3 Acceleration

DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ACCELERATION

  
 v  v o v
a 
t  to t
2.3 Acceleration

Example 3 Acceleration and Increasing Velocity

Determine the average acceleration of the plane.

 
v o 0 m s v 260 km h to 0 s t 29 s

 
 v  v o 260 km h  0 km h km h
a  9.0
t  to 29 s  0 s s
2.3 Acceleration
2.3 Acceleration
Example 3 Acceleration and Decreasing
Velocity

 
 v  v o 13 m s  28 m s
a   5.0 m s 2
t  to 12 s  9 s
2.3 Acceleration
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

   
 x  xo  v  vo
v a
t  to t  to

It is customary to dispense with the use of boldface symbols

overdrawn with arrows for the displacement, velocity, and
acceleration vectors. We will, however, continue to convey
the directions with a plus or minus sign.

x  xo v  vo
v a
t  to t  to
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

Let the object be at the origin when the clock starts.

xo 0 to 0

x  xo x
v v
t  to t

x v t  vo  v t
1
2
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

v  vo v  vo
a a
t  to t

at v  vo

v vo  at
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

Five kinematic variables:

1. displacement, x

2. acceleration (constant), a

3. final velocity (at time t), v

4. initial velocity, vo

5. elapsed time, t
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

v vo  at

x  vo  v t  vo  vo  at t
1
2
1
2

2
x vot  at 1
2
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

2
x vot  at 1
2

6.0 m s 8.0 s  1
2
2.0 m s 8.0 s 
2 2

110 m
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

Example 6 Catapulting a Jet

Find its displacement.

vo 0 m s a 31 m s 2
x ?? v 62 m s
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

v  vo v  vo
a t
t a

x  12 vo  v t  12 vo  v 
v  vo 
a

2 2
v v
x o
2a
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

x
v v 2

62 m s   0 m s 
2
o
2
62 m
2

2a 231 m s 
2
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

v vo  at

x  vo  v t
1
2

2 2
v v  2ax o

2
x vot  at 1
2
2.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics

Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing.

2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and

negative (-).

3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five
kinematic variables.

4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three

of the five kinematic variables. Select the appropriate equation.

5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that

the final velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next.

6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a

kinematics problem.
2.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics

Example 8 An Accelerating Spacecraft

A spacecraft is traveling with a velocity of +3250 m/s. Suddenly

the retrorockets are fired, and the spacecraft begins to slow down
with an acceleration whose magnitude is 10.0 m/s2. What is
the velocity of the spacecraft when the displacement of the craft
is +215 km, relative to the point where the retrorockets began
firing?

x a v vo t
+215000 m -10.0 m/s2 ? +3250 m/s
2.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics
2.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics

x a v vo t
+215000 m -10.0 m/s2 ? +3250 m/s

2 2
v v  2axo v  v  2ax2
o


v  3250 m s   2 10.0 m s 2 215000 m 
2

2500 m s
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies

In the absence of air resistance, it is found that all bodies

at the same location above the Earth fall vertically with
the same acceleration. If the distance of the fall is small
compared to the radius of the Earth, then the acceleration
remains essentially constant throughout the descent.

This idealized motion is called free-fall and the acceleration

of a freely falling body is called the acceleration due to
gravity.

2 2
g 9.80 m s or 32.2 ft s
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies

2
g 9.80 m s
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies

Example 10 A Falling Stone

A stone is dropped from the top of a tall building. After 3.00s

of free fall, what is the displacement y of the stone?
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s

2
y vot  at 1
2

0 m s 3.00 s  1
2  9.80 m s 3.00 s 
2 2

 44.1 m
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies

Example 12 How High Does it Go?

The referee tosses the coin up

with an initial speed of 5.00m/s.
In the absence if air resistance,
how high does the coin go above
its point of release?
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00
m/s
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00
m/s

2 2
2 2 v v
v v  2ay o y o
2a

y
v v

2
0 m s   5.00 m s 
2
o
2
1.28 m
2

2a 2  9.80 m s 2
 
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies

Conceptual Example 14 Acceleration Versus Velocity

There are three parts to the motion of the coin. On the way
up, the coin has a vector velocity that is directed upward and
has decreasing magnitude. At the top of its path, the coin
momentarily has zero velocity. On the way down, the coin
has downward-pointing velocity with an increasing magnitude.

In the absence of air resistance, does the acceleration of the

coin, like the velocity, change from one part to another?
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies

Conceptual Example 15 Taking Advantage of Symmetry

Does the pellet in part b strike the ground beneath the cliff
with a smaller, greater, or the same speed as the pellet
in part a?
2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration

x  8 m
Slope   4 m s
t 2s
2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration
2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration
2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration

v  12 m s
Slope   6 m s 2
t 2s