Kurdestan region government – Iraq

ministry of higher education and

scantific research
duhok polytechnic university
akre ticnology department
morning stydy

report
‘ system number’

Prepared by : supervised by
Hawar safar mheden mr.aydil
juma
Saif masuod yaseen
Aisha tajaden
Helan Osman
Number systems:
binary, decimal,
hexadecimal and
octal.
Conversion between
various number
systems
Decimal numbers

 In the decimal number systems each of the

ten digits, 0 through 9, represents a certain
quantity. The position of each digit in a
decimal number indicates the magnitude of
the quantity represented and can be assigned
a weight. The weights for whole numbers are
positive powers of ten that increases from
right to left, beginning with 10º = 1
 ……………10 10 10³ 10² 10¹ 10º
 For fractional numbers, the weights are
negative powers of ten that decrease from
left to right beginning with 10¯¹.
 10² 10¹ 10º . 10¯¹ 10¯² 10¯³ ……..
 The value of a decimal number is the sum of
digits after each digit has been multiplied by
its weights as in following examples.
 1.Express the decimal number 87 as a sum of the
values of each digit.
 Solution: the digit 8 has a weight of 10, which is
10, as indicated by its position. The digit 7 has a
weight of 1, which is 10º, as indicated by its
position.
 87 = (8 x 10) + (7 x 10º) = (8 x 10)
+
 (7 x 1) = 87
 Determine the value of each digit in 939
 2.Express the decimal number 725.45 as a sum of
the values of each digit.
 725.45 = (7 x 10²) + (2 x 10¹) + (5 x 10º) + (4 x
10¯¹) +
 (5 x 10¯²) = 700 + 20 + 5 + 0.4 + 0.05
BINARY NUMBERS
 A binary number is a number expressed in the
base-2 numeral system or binary numeral
system, a method of mathematical expression
which uses only two symbols: typically "0" (zero
) and "1" (one).
 Decimal number Binary number
 0 0 0 0 0
 1 0 0 0 1
 2 0 0 1 0
 3 0 0 1 1
 4 0 1 0 0
 5 0 1 0 1
 6 0 1 1 0
 7 0 1 1 1
 8 1 0 0 0
 9 1 0 0 1
 10 1 0 1 0
 11 1 0 1 1
 12 1 1 0 0
 13 1 1 0 1
 14 1 1 1 0
 15 1 1 1 1
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion
 The decimal value of any binary number
can be found by adding the weights of all
bits that are 1 and discarding the weights of
all bits that are 0.
 Example
 Let’s convert the binary whole number
101101 to decimal.
 Weight: 2 2 2 2 2 2º
 Binary no: 1 0 1 1 0 1
 101101= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2º =
32+8+4+1=45
 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
 One way to find the binary number that is
equivalent to a given decimal number is to
determine the set of binary weights whose sum
is equal to the decimal number. For example
decimal number 9, can be expressed as the sum
of binary weights as follows:
 9 = 8 + 1 or 9 = 2³ + 2º
 Placing 1s in the appropriate weight positions,
2³ and
 2º, and 0s in the 2² and 2¹ positions determines
the binary number for decimal 9.
 2³ 2² 2¹ 2º
 1 0 0 1 Binary number for nine
Hexadecimal numbers

 What is hexadecimal?
 Hexadecimal is a numbering system with
base 16. It can be used to represent
large numbers with fewer digits.
 In this system there are 16 symbols or
possible digit values from 0 to 9,
followed by six alphabetic characters --
A, B, C, D, E and F.
 These characters are used to represent
decimal values from 10 to 15 in single
bits
 Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
 0 0000 0
 1 0001 1
 2 0010 2
 3 0011 3
 4 0100 4
 5 0101 5
 6 0110 6
 7 0111 7
 8 1000 8
 9 1001 9
 10 1010 A
 11 1011 B
 12 1100 C
 13 1101 D
 14 1110 E
 15 1111 F
 Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
 Simply break the binary number into 4-bit
groups, starting at the right-most bit and
replace each 4-bit group with the equivalent
hexadecimal symbol as in the following
example.
 Convert the binary number to hexadecimal:
 1100101001010111
 Solution:
 1100 1010 0101 0111

 C A 5 7 = CA57
 Hexadecimal-to-Decimal
Conversion
 One way to find the decimal equivalent of a
hexadecimal number is to first convert the
hexadecimal number to binary and then
convert from binary to decimal.
 Convert the hexadecimal number 1C to
decimal:
 1 C
 0001 1100 = 2 + 2³ + 2² = 16 +8+4
= 28
 Convert the decimal number 650 to
hexadecimal by repeated division by 16.
 650 = 40.625 0.625 x 16 = 10 = A (LSD)
 16
 40 = 2.5 0.5 x 16 = 8 = 8
 16
 2 = 0.125 0.125 x 16 = 2 = 2 (MSD)
 16
 The hexadecimal number is 28A
Octal Numbers

 Like the hexadecimal system, the octal system provides

a convenient way to express binary numbers and codes.
 However, it is used less frequently than hexadecimal in
conjunction with computers and microprocessors to
express binary quantities for input and output purposes.
 The octal system is composed of eight digits, which are:
 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 To count above 7, begin another column and start over:
 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21 and so on.
 Counting in octal is similar to counting in decimal,
except that the digits 8 and 9 are not used.
 Octal-to-Decimal Conversion
 Since the octal number system has a base of eight,
each successive digit position is an increasing power
of eight, beginning in the right-most column with 8º.
The evaluation
 Of an octal number in terms of its decimal
equivalent is accomplished by multiplying each digit
by its weight and summing the products.
 Let’s convert octal number 2374 in decimal number.
 Weight 8³ 8² 8 8º
 Octal number 2 3 7 4
 2374 = (2 x 8³) + (3 x 8²) + (7 x 8) + (4 x
8º)=1276
 Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
 A method of converting a decimal number to an
octal number is the repeated division-by-8
method, which is similar to the method used in the
conversion of decimal numbers to binary or to
hexadecimal.
 Let’s convert the decimal number 359 to octal.
Each successive division by 8 yields a remainder
that becomes a digit in the equivalent octal
number. The first remainder generated is the least
significant digit (LSD).
 359 = 44.875 0.875 x 8 = 7 (LSD)
 8
 44 = 5.5 0.5 x 8 = 4
 8
 5 = 0.625 0.625 x 8 = 5 (MSD)
 8
 The number is 547.
 Octal-to-Binary Conversion
 Because each octal digit can be represented by a
3-bit binary number, it is very easy to convert
from octal to binary..
 Octal/Binary Conversion
 Octal Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110
111
Let’s convert the octal numbers 25 and 140.
2 5 1 4 0
010 101 001 100 000
 Binary-to-Octal Conversion
 Conversion of a binary number to an octal
number is the reverse of the octal-to-binary
conversion.
 Let’s convert the following binary numbers to
octal:
 110101 101111001
 6 5 = 65 5 7 1 = 571