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EPS CH2

Chapter Two discusses the mechanical design of overhead lines, focusing on sag and tension calculations, the effects of wind and ice, and various conductor materials such as copper, aluminium, steel-cored aluminium, and cadmium copper. It also covers different types of line supports, including wooden poles, steel poles, RCC poles, and steel towers, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The chapter emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate materials and supports for efficient overhead line construction.

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Adem Abdela
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4 views

EPS CH2

Chapter Two discusses the mechanical design of overhead lines, focusing on sag and tension calculations, the effects of wind and ice, and various conductor materials such as copper, aluminium, steel-cored aluminium, and cadmium copper. It also covers different types of line supports, including wooden poles, steel poles, RCC poles, and steel towers, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The chapter emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate materials and supports for efficient overhead line construction.

Uploaded by

Adem Abdela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER TWO

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF
OVERHEADED LINES
Outlines

1. Sag and tension calculations


2. Effect of wind and ice
3. Stringing chart
4. Sag template
Introduction
Main Components of Overhead Lines
Conductor Materials
1. Copper. Copper is an ideal material for overhead lines owing to
its high electrical conductivity and greater tensile strength. It is
always used in the hard drawn form as stranded conductor.
2. Aluminium. Aluminium is cheap and light as compared to
copper but it has much smaller conductivity and tensile strength

3. Steel cored aluminium. Due to low tensile strength,


aluminium conductors produce greater sag. In order to increase
the tensile strength, the aluminium conductor is reinforced with
a core of galvanised steel wires.
• The *composite conductor thus obtained is known as steel
cored aluminium and is abbreviated as A.C.S.R. (aluminium
conductor steel reinforced).
• Steel-cored aluminium conductor consists of central core of
galvanised steel wires surrounded by a number of aluminium
strands.
4. Galvanised steel. Steel has very high tensile strength.
• Therefore, galvanised steel conductors can be used for
extremely long spans or for short line sections exposed to
abnormally high stresses due to climatic conditions.
• They have been found very suitable in rural areas where
cheapness is the main consideration.
• Due to poor conductivity and high resistance of steel, such
conductors are not suitable for transmitting large power over a
long distance
5. Cadmium copper. The conductor material now being
employed in certain cases is copper alloyed with cadmium.
• An addition of 1% or 2% cadmium to copper increases the
tensile strength by about 50% and the conductivity is only
reduced by 15% below that of pure copper.
• Therefore, cadmium copper conductor can be useful for
exceptionally long spans.
• However, due to high cost of cadmium, such conductors will
be economical only for lines of small X-section i.e., where the
cost of conductor material is comparatively small compared
with the cost of supports
Line Supports
Wooden poles.
• These are made of seasoned wood (sal or chir) and are
suitable for lines of moderate X-sectional area and of relatively
shorter spans, say upto 50 metres.
• Such supports are cheap, easily available, provide insulating
properties and, therefore, are widely used for distirbution
purposes in rural areas as an economical proposition
• The main objections to wooden supports are :
(i) tendency to rot below the ground level
(ii) comparatively smaller life (20-25 years)
(iii) cannot be used for voltages higher than 20 kV
(iv) less mechanical strength and
(v) require periodical inspection
2. Steel poles.
• The steel poles are often used as a substitute for wooden poles.
• They possess greater mechanical strength, longer life and permit longer spans to be
used.
• Such poles are generally used for distribution purposes in the cities.
• This type of supports need to be galvanised or painted in order to prolong its life.
The steel poles are of three types viz.,
(i) rail poles
(ii) tubular poles and
(iii) rolled steel joints.
3. RCC poles.
• The reinforced concrete poles have become very popular as
line supports in recent years.
• They have greater mechanical strength, longer life and permit
longer spans than steel poles.
• Moreover, they give good outlook, require little maintenance
and have good insulating properties.
• The holes in the poles facilitate the climbing of poles and at
the same time reduce the weight of line supports.
• The main difficulty with the use of these poles is the high cost
of transport owing to their heavy weight.
• Therefore, such poles are often manufactured at the site in
order to avoid heavy cost of transportation.
.

4. Steel towers.
• In practice, wooden, steel and reinforced concrete poles are
used for distribution purposes at low voltages, say upto 11 kV.
• However, for long distance transmission at higher voltage,
steel towers are invariably employed.
• Steel towers have greater mechanical strength, longer life, can
withstand most severe climatic conditions and permit the use
of longer spans

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