Scribd
Upload
9 views

PERIODIC TABLE lesson slides

The document discusses the history and development of the periodic table, highlighting Dmitri Mendeleev's contributions in 1869, where he organized elements by atomic mass and properties, predicting undiscovered elements. It also mentions earlier attempts by scientists like Johann Dobereiner and John Newlands, which were less successful. The modern periodic table, revised by Henry Moseley, is now organized by atomic number, enhancing its predictive power and accuracy in understanding elemental properties.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ibrahim khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

PERIODIC TABLE lesson slides

The document discusses the history and development of the periodic table, highlighting Dmitri Mendeleev's contributions in 1869, where he organized elements by atomic mass and properties, predicting undiscovered elements. It also mentions earlier attempts by scientists like Johann Dobereiner and John Newlands, which were less successful. The modern periodic table, revised by Henry Moseley, is now organized by atomic number, enhancing its predictive power and accuracy in understanding elemental properties.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ibrahim khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

PERIODIC TABLE

Organizing Elements
For many years, scientists looked for a
good way to organize the elements. This
became increasingly important as more
and more elements were discovered. An
ingenious method of organizing elements
was developed in 1869 by a Russian
scientist named Dmitri Mendeleev.
Mendeleev’s method of organizing
elements was later revised, but it served
as a basis for the method that is still used
Mendeleev was a teacher as well as a
chemist. He was writing a chemistry
textbook and wanted to find a way to
organize the 63 known elements so it would
be easier for students to learn about them.
He made a set of cards of the elements,
similar to a deck of playing cards. On each
card, he wrote the name of a different
element, its atomic mass, and other known
properties. Mendeleev arranged and
rearranged the cards in many different ways,
looking for a pattern. He finally found it
when he placed the elements in order by
increasing atomic mass.
Enquiry question
• • How do groups and periods within the Periodic Table exhibit trends
in physical and chemical properties, and how can the Periodic Table
help predict an element's structure and properties?
• • How do two or more atoms chemically combine to form a molecule
through a covalent bond?
• • How do atoms transform into ions, and what role do ions play in
forming ionic bonds between positively charged and negatively
charged entities?
organizing elements based on atomic mass
and the properties of elements
Ans: Mendeleev organized elements based
on their atomic mass and their similar
chemical properties. He arranged the
elements in a table, with elements of similar
properties grouped together. This
arrangement revealed patterns in the
properties of elements, such as the
repeating trends in reactivity and atomic
size. Mendeleev's periodic table was a
significant breakthrough in chemistry, as it
helped to predict the properties of
Q: Describe how Mendeleev predicted the existence and
properties of undiscovered elements, demonstrating the
utility and predictive power of his periodic table.
Ans: Mendeleev used the periodic table to predict the
existence and properties of undiscovered elements. By
observing patterns in the properties of known elements,
he was able to identify gaps in the table where elements
were missing. He predicted the properties of these
missing elements based on the properties of the
elements surrounding them in the table. These
predictions were later confirmed with the discovery of
the elements, demonstrating the utility and predictive
power of Mendeleev's periodic table
There are 118 elements present in our periodic table. 94
elements are natural elements and 24 elements are synthetic
elements.
In1800, only 30 elements were known.
With the discovery of more and more elements, remembering
the elements and their properties were burdensome for
scientists.
Scientists started gathering information about the elements
and categorizing it.
The categorization of elements in a tabular form according to
their properties became popular.
Periodic Table: The tabular form structure in which various
elements are arranged according to their properties is known
History of Periodic Table
Doberiener’s Triads
German chemist, Johann Dobereiner in 1800 first observed
similarities in the elements on the basis of their properties.
OBSERVATIONS: groups consisting of three elements (triads) that
have similar chemical and physical properties.
In every group, the atomic weight of the middle element was half of
the sum of the atomic weight of the other two elements.
Properties of the middle element were also in the halfway of both the
elements.
Dobereiner called this grouping method as the law of triads.
Later on, it was found that this law was not true for every element
and hence it was not successful.
Newland’s Octaves
In 1865, after the failure of Doberiener’s
triad the English chemist, John Alexander
Newlands gave the law of octaves.
Law of Octaves:
1. elements can be arranged in ascending
order of their atomic weights.
2. in this arrangement every eighth element
of a row had similar properties to that of
the first element of the same row,
depicting the octaves of music.
This law was also dismissed as it was only true for elements of up to
calcium.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Stated a Law:
“The properties of an element are the periodic
function of their atomic masses”

Mendeleev found that the properties of elements


were related to atomic mass in a periodic way. He
arranged the elements such that elements with
similar properties fell into the same vertical
columns of the periodic table.
• Took 63 cards and on each card, he wrote
the properties of one element.
• grouped the elements with similar
properties and pinned it on the wall.
• observed that elements were arranged in
the increasing order of atomic mass and
there was the periodic occurrence of
elements with similar properties.
• In Mendeleev periodic table, vertical
columns in the periodic table and
horizontal row in the periodic table were
named as groups and period, respectively
Merits of Mendeleev Periodic Table
1. Some gaps were left for the elements yet to
be discovered.
2. If a certain new element is discovered, it can
be placed in a new group without disturbing
any existing group
• Demerits of Mendeleev Periodic Table
1. He was unable to locate hydrogen in the
periodic table.
2. Increase in atomic mass was not regular
while moving from one element to another.
Hence, the number of elements yet to be
discovered was not predictable.
Filling in the Blanks
• Mendeleev left blank spaces for elements that had
not yet been discovered when he created his table.
He predicted that these missing elements would
eventually be discovered. Based on their position in
the table, he even predicted their properties. For
example, he predicted a missing element in row 5
of group III. He also predicted that the missing
element would have an atomic mass of 68 and be a
relatively soft metal like other elements in this
group. Scientists searched for the missing element,
and they found it just a few years later. They
named the new element gallium. Scientists
searched for the other missing elements in
Mendeleev’s table and eventually found all of them.
An important measure of a
good model is its ability to make
accurate predictions. This makes it
a useful model. Clearly,
Mendeleev’s periodic table was a
useful model. It helped scientists
discover new elements and made
sense of those that were already
known.
Q: What is atomic mass? Why might it
be a good basis for organizing elements?
A: Atomic mass is the mass of one atom
of an element. It is about equal to the
mass of the protons plus the neutrons in
an atom. It is a good basis for organizing
elements because each element has a
unique number of protons and atomic
mass is an indirect way of organizing
elements by number of protons.
Q: How did Moseley's suggestion
change Mendeleev's periodic table?
Ans: Moseley revised the periodic table,
made a bold change, suggested that
instead of arranging elements in the
ascending order of their atomic masses,
they should be arranged in the ascending
order of their atomic numbers. This
change removed all inconsistencies.
Henry Moseley, a British physicist, discovered that the atomic number of an element (the
number of protons in its nucleus) is a more fundamental property than its atomic mass. He
used X-ray spectroscopy to determine the atomic numbers of elements and rearranged the
periodic table accordingly.
The modern periodic table is organized based on the atomic number of the elements. This
arrangement has several advantages:
Correct placement of elements: The modern periodic table accurately places elements in the
correct order based on their atomic number, resolving the inconsistencies in Mendeleev's
original table.
Predictive power: The modern periodic table allows for the prediction of the properties of
undiscovered elements based on their atomic number and position in the table.
Understanding of chemical properties: The periodic table reveals patterns in the properties
of elements, such as reactivity, atomic size, and ionization energy.
In summary, the transition from Mendeleev's table to the modern periodic table was a
significant advancement in our understanding of the elements. The shift from atomic mass to
atomic number provided a more accurate and predictive arrangement of the elements,
leading to a deeper understanding of their properties and relationships.
Features of Modern Periodic Table

You might also like