Chapter 1

Grammar is the study of the classes of words,

their inflections, and their functions and
relations in the sentence

It is the structure of our writing. Without

correct grammar usage, our ideas and
thoughts cannot be communicated effectively
or efficiently.
It is the structural foundation of our ability to
express ourselves. The more we are aware
of how it works, the more we can
monitor the meaning and effectiveness
of the way we and others use language.
What is a Composition?

In writing, a composition is the way a writer

assembles words and sentences to create a
coherent and meaningful work.
Composition can also mean the activity of
writing, or the nature of the subject of a piece
of writing, or the piece of writing itself
as:

•Questions to be asked and answered;

• Arguments to be presented and discussed from both

sides;

• Stories to describe who, what, where, when, why and

how;

• Opinions to state a position then present evidence to

support the claim or position; and Sources or references
to provide information used to support a composition.
Types of Composition Writing

Four classical types of composition are:

1. Descriptions are set in the concrete, in the reality, or

solidity of an object as a representation of a person, place,
or thing in time

2. A story that the writer tells his or her reader. It can

be an account of a series of facts or events, given in order
and establishing connections between the steps. The
chronology could be in strict order, or you could include
flashbacks.
3. Is the act of expounding or explaining a person,
place, thing, or event. The purpose of the author is
not to just describe something, but to give it a
reality, an interpretation, and ideas on what that
thing means. The authors are laying out a proposition
to explain a general notion or abstract idea of their
subject
4. Argumentation is basically an exercise in
comparing and contrasting. It is the methodological
presentation of both sides of an argument using
logical or formal reasoning. The end result is
formulated to persuade why thing A is better than
thing B. What makes it "better" makes up the
content of your arguments
Art of speech is a term used in traditional
grammar for one of the nine main categories
into which words are classified according to
their functions in sentences. It is also known as
word classes, these are the building blocks of
grammar
Nouns- These are names of people, places, or
things. They are often the subject in a
sentence. A singular noun takes a singular
verb in a sentence; a plural noun takes a
plural verb.
Pronouns- It refers
to or substitutes a
noun in a given
sentence.
Verbs- It shows action (walk, run, write) or a
state of being (be, feel, smell, and seem).
Some verbs can stand alone in a sentence;
other verbs are helping verbs.
Helping verbs are forms of the words do, be,
and have, or the words shall/will, might/must,
would/could/should, and can/may.

They combine with other verbs to form a

complete verb phrase (e.g. was sleeping).

Other verbs are called linking verbs. Linking

verbs link the subject of a sentence to a
description that follows.
Linking verbs include forms of the verb
be and the verbs seem, appear,
become, grow, remain, stay, prove, feel,
look, smell, sound, and taste.
Adverbs- It describes action verbs, adjectives,
or other adverbs. They answer the questions
HOW? WHY? WHEN? WHERE? HOW MUCH? or
TO WHAT DEGREE?

To determine whether to use an adverb

or an adjective, locate the word it
describes.
Adjectives- These are words that describe or
indicate degree. This also modifies nouns.
Adjectives are used to describe nouns or
pronouns. Adjectives are also used after linking
verbs.
Adjectives- are easy to identify in a
sentence because they fall right before the
nouns they modify.

Example: The old clock hung upon the wall.

Articles- These are words that define a noun
as specific or unspecific. The articles in the
English language are the, a, and an.
Two types of Articles:

Definite Article- It limits the meaning of a

noun to one particular thing. The definite
article is the word the. It can be used with
singular, plural, or uncountable nouns.
Example: Please give me the hammer. Have you seen the movie?
Indefinite Article- It takes two forms. It's the
word a when it precedes a word that begins with a
consonant.

It's the word a when it precedes a word that

begins with a vowel. The indefinite article
indicates that a noun refers to a general idea
rather than a particular thing.
Prepositions- It is a word or group of words
used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase
to show direction, time, place, location,
spatial relationships, or to introduce an
object
She drove to the store.

Come right into the house.

Drive on the grass and park the car there.

Prepositions of Time- Used to refer to one point in time,
use the prepositions "in," "at," and "on“.

Use "in" with parts of the day (not specific times),

months, years, and seasons.

Example: He reads in the evening. The weather is cold in

December. She was born in 1996.

Use "at" with the time of day. Also use "at" with noon,
night, and midnight. Example: I go to work at 8:00. He eats
lunch at noon. She often goes for a walk at night.
Use "on" with days.

Example: I work on Saturdays.

He does laundry on Wednesdays.

Prepositions of Place • To refer to a place,
use the prepositions "in" (the point itself), "at"
(the general vicinity), "on" (the surface), and
"inside" (something contained)

EXAMPLE:
THEY WILL MEET IN THE LUNCHROOM.
SHE WAS WAITING AT THE CORNER.
HE LEFT HIS PHONE ON THE BED.
PLACE THE PEN INSIDE THE DRAWER.
Prepositions of Location- It is used to refer
to a location, using the prepositions "in" (an
area or volume), "at" (a point), and "on" (a
surface) (Walden University, 2021).

Example: They live in the country. (an area

She will find him at the library. (a point)
There is a lot of dirt on the window. (a
surface)
Conjunctions- These are words that link
other words, phrases, or clauses together. It
allows the writer to form complex, elegant
sentences and avoid the choppiness of
multiple short sentences
Coordinating conjunctions allow the writer
to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal
grammatical rank in a sentence. The most
common coordinating conjunctions are for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, and so; you can remember
them by using the mnemonic device
FANBOYS?
Example:

I'd like pizza or a salad for lunch.

We needed a place to concentrate, so we

packed up our things and went to the library.

Jesse didn't have much money, but she got by.

Interjections are words or phrases that are
grammatically independent from the words around
it, and mainly express feeling rather than meaning
(merriam-webster.com, n.d.).

In writing, an interjection is typically followed by an

exclamation point, but it can also be followed by a
comma if it is part of a sentence.

Knowing the different kinds of interjections, and

understanding how to punctuate them, will help you
use them correctly
Chapter 2
Report is a detailed account of an event,
situation, etc., usually based on observation or
inquiry (PNP, 2014). It is a specific form of
writing that is organized around concisely
identifying and examining issues, events, or
findings that have happened in a physical
sense.
Report Writing is a communication' that
lends itself to a useful tool for people in a free
society to express their thoughts and ideas
and to obtain what they need or want (PNP,
2014).

It is a natural and necessary part of the very

job description of an investigator.
Reporting- Reporting
is knowingly passing
along information to
someone else.
Reasons/Purposes of Writing Reports Written
1. reports are a permanent record of activities
(preserves information of cases) essential data
(provides accurate details of cases)
2. Aid top level intelligence experts in the
interpretation and analysis of information
(coordinate investigatic activities and serves as
reference by competent authorities) •
Pre-requisite for good reporting
1. A precise understanding of the
assignment
2. Ability to go where the desired
information is
3. Ability to collect and retain accurately
and in detail 4. Ability to transmit the
collected information as soon as possible
Criteria/Standards used:

1. It must not contain vague or unclear terms.

2. It must be original and correct in both
composition and grammar
3. Abbreviation must be used appropriately.
4. Slang or unnecessary technical terms must be
avoided
5. Erasures and alterations must be avoided
6. Duplicate copies must be clear, legible and
officially authenticated
7. Contents must be factual and free from bias
or prejudices
1. Six basic questions:
Who? - What? - When? - Where? - Why? - How?

2. Seven basic characteristics of good report

1. Pertinent (relevant, useful, important,
significant)
2. Accurate (precise, exact, trúe)
3. Complete (total, entire, full, absolute)
4. Clearly phrased
5. Concise (brief, direct, short)
6. Unbiased (impartial, balance, fair)
7. Timely (opportune, appropriate, judicious,
speedy)
Common types of reports:
1. Formal reports are carefully structured,
stressed objectivity and organization,
contain much detail.

A formal report is an official report that

contains detailed information, research, and
data necessary to make business decisions.

Some examples are annual reports, expense

reports, incident reports, and even safety
reports.
Informal reports are usually short messages
with natural, casual use of language.

The internal memorandum can generally be

described as an informal report.

An informal report is a short document that

provides information to employees within an
organization.

Informal reports are often used to keep employees

informed about policies and important
information.
A two-page report or sometimes
referred to as a memorandum is short,
and a thirty-page report is absolutely long.

Along report is a major study that provides

an in-depth view of the problem or idea.

The implications of a long report are wide-

ranging for a business or industry.
Short report can be defined as an organized
presentation of relevant data on any topic money,
travel, time, personnel, equipment, management-
that a company or agency tracks in its day-to-day
operations.

A short report is often written as a matter of routine

duty, with the writer sometimes given little or no
advance notice.

The long report, however, may take weeks or

Informational or Analytical Reports

-Informational reports such as annual reports,

monthly financial reports, and reports on
personnel absenteeism; carry objective
information from one area of an organization to
another.
Analytical reports such as scientific
research, feasibility reports, and real-
estate appraisals; present attempts to
solve problems (University of Delhi,
n.d.).
Informational reports provide facts', data,
feedback, and other types of information to
assist management to make decisions. It
does not provide an analysis or
interpretation of information and does not
provide recommendations. An example of
this type of "just the facts" report is a police
accident report. The report will note the
time, date, place, contributing factors like
weather, and identification information for
the drivers involved in an automobile
accident. It does not establish fault or
include judgmental statements (Smith,
Analytical reports provide facts, data,
feedback and other types of information, but
they also provide analysis, interpretation,
and recommendations. For instance, a field
report by a Public Health Agency of Canada
physician from the site of an outbreak of the
H1N1 virus will note symptoms, disease
progression, and steps taken to arrest the
spread of the disease. It will ultimately make
recommendations on the treatment and
quarantine of subjects (Smith, 2018).
Proposal Report The proposal is a variation
of problem-solving reports. A proposal is a
document prepared to describe how one
organization can meet the needs of another.
Most governmental agencies advertise their
needs by issuing "requests for proposal" or
RFPs. The RFP specifies a need and •
potential suppliers prepare proposal reports
telling how they can meet that need
(University of Delhi, n.d.).
Vertical or Lateral Reports This
classification refers to the direction a
report travels. Reports that are more
upward or downward the hierarchy are
referred to as vertical reports; such
reports contribute to management
control. Lateral reports, on the other
hand, assist in coordination in the
organization.
departments) is lateral
A report traveling between units of the same organization level (production and finance
Internal or External Reports Internal reports
travel within the organization. External
reports, such as annual reports of
companies. are prepared for distribution
control. Preprinted forms and computer-
generated data contribute to uniformity
of periodic reports (University of Delhi,
n.d.). Periodic or project reports, also
known as status reports, are similar to
progress reports. Both serve to provide
audience members with the details of an
ongoing project; however, the progress
report is usually sent at certain
milestones of a project, while periodic
reports are sent at regular intervals:
daily, weekly, monthly etc. (University of
Arkan
Functional Reports This classification includes
accounting reports, marketing reports, financial
reports, and a variety of other reports that take their
designation from the ultimate use of the report
(University of Delhi, n.d.). These reports track every
pertinent detail of the company's operational tasks,
such as its production processes. They are typically
short-term reports as they aim to paint a picture of
the present. Businesses use this type of report to
spot any issues and define their solutions, or to
identify improvement opportunities to optimize their
operational efficiency. Operational reports are
commonly used in manufacturing, logistics, and
retail as they help keep track of inventory,
production, costs, among others (Calzon, 2022).
Chapter 3
Six Key Elements of Reports

Reports vary by size, format, and function,

writing them involves adjusting to the needs
of the audience while respecting conventions
and guidelines. Reports are typically organized
around six key elements (Smith, 2018):
2. What was done, what problems were addressed,
and the results, including conclusions and/or
recommendations;
3. Where the subject studied occurred;
4. When the subject studied occurred;
5. Why the report was written (function), including
under what authority, for what reason, or by whose
request; and
6. How the subject operated, functioned, or was
used.
Paragraph,When
to start?
A writer should start a new paragraph when
(owl.purdue.edu, 2021):
1. When he/she begins a new idea or point. New
ideas should always start in new paragraphs. If there
is an extended idea that spans multiple paragraphs,
each new point within that idea should have its own
paragraph.

2. To contrast information or ideas. Separate

paragraphs can serve to contrast sides in a debate,
different points in an argument, or any other
difference.
When he/she is ending the introduction or
starting the conclusion.

The introductory and concluding

material should always be in a new
paragraph. Many introductions and
conclusions have multiple paragraphs
depending on their content, length, and the
writer's purpose.
Radio
Codes/Phonetics
According to the PNP memorandum circular no.
2021-015, to ensure that the police
operation will not be compromised, an
emphasis on the usage of passwords or
call signs, radio net diagram,
authentication system, Association of
Public-Safety Communications Officials
(APCO)" ten codes and code words shall
be emphasized.
Like the police phonetic alphabet, military
phonetic alphabet and radio-specific terms,
the codes were developed to help radio users
communicate quickly and concisely under
tough conditions
Language Short-hand expressions
and codes are useful for radio
communication, especially in
transferring information quickly.

It's important to make sure everyone's

on the same page with which
terminology you’re using and what it all
means, so make sure all radio users
know and understand all the terms in
advance 2CL Communications Ltd.,
2022).
and codes used in two way radio
communication: •

Roger that- "Message received and

understood"

Roger so far- Confirming part way through a

long message that you've understood the
message so far

Affirmative- Yes
Negative- No

Come in- Asking another party to acknowledge

they can hear you

Go ahead- I am ready for your message

Say again- Repeat all of your last message

Say all before/after- Repeat all before/after a

certain phrase or word if you didn't catch part of
the message Over- Message finished, inviting
others to respond if needed
Out- Conversation is finished, no answer is
required or expected

Radio check- What's my signal strength? Can

you hear me?,

Read you loud and clear- Your transmission

signal is good, I can hear you fine

Wilco- Abbreviation of "I will comply", means

the speaker will complete the task that's been
asked of them
Out- Conversation is finished, no answer
is required or expected

Radio check- What's my signal

strength? Can you hear me?,

Read you loud and clear- Your

transmission signal is good, I can hear
you fine

Wilco- Abbreviation of "I will comply",

means the speaker will complete the
task that's been asked of them
Break, break- Interruption to a
transmission to communicate urgently

Emergency, emergency- Distress call,

only to be used when there is an
imminent danger to life and immediate
assistance is required

Stand by- Wait for a short period and I

will get back to you
Wait out - Waiting period is longer than I
expected, I will get back to you as soon
as possible

I spell- The next word will be spelled out

using the phonetic alphabet