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Engineering physics(full
Marks:150)

Theory:100 Practical:50
marks marks
(board
exam:80 +int.
assessment :20
)
 Wave and oscillation
hapters: Wave motion
Acoustics
Lenses
Fiber Optics
Interference
Diffraction
Polarization
Laser
Electric Force and Field
Capacitors
Direct current
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Oscillation
Electromagnetic Waves
Photons and Matter Waves
References:
1. Halliday, Resnick, Walker, "Fundamentals of
Physics', John Wiley & Sons.
lnc.
2. Sapkota, Pokharel, Bhaftarai, "Fundamentals of
Engineering Physics",
Benchmark Publication.
3. Brij Lal and Subrahmanyam, 'A text book of Optics",
S. Chand Publisher.
4. A. S. Basudeva, 'Modern Engineering Physics", S.
Chand Publisher.
5. R. K. Caur and S. L. Gupta, "Engineering Physics',
Dhanpat Publisher.
6. Brij Lal and Subrahmanyam, 'Waves and
Oscillation", S. Chand publisher.
 Photon and Matter Waves:
Quantization of energy
Electrons and matter waves (De Broglie’s Wave and
wave equation)
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Schrodinger wave equation
- The time independent Schrodinger wave equation
- The time dependent Schrodinger wave equation
- Physical interpretation of wave equation
Application of Schrodinger wave equation
- Particle in box: Infinite potential well
- Barrier tunneling
Quantum mechanics is a generalized form of mechanics
applicable to microscopic objects like electrons in the atoms.
Large systems or macroscopic objects can also be described by
quantum mechanics but mostly classical mechanics is used to
describe them. Many things which we have experienced
throughout our life are not applicable to quantum mechanics.
Various processes and phenomena that takes place within a
material cannot be explained without having good understanding
of quantum mechanics. Although classical mechanics gives us
information about various behavior of different materials .but it
Quantization of Energy
The Quantum theory of radiation (basic idea of
quantum theory) was first proposed by Max
Planck in 1902 to explain the black body
radiation. According to this, the emission or
absorption of energy (flow of energy)from the
body is not continuous process but takes place
in the form of discrete bundles or packets of
energy. These packets or bundles of energy are
calledThe amount
quanta of each
and energy ‘E’ carried
packet by each
of energy is quantum
is given
called by E= hν or (hf)
quantum.
Where h is Planck's constant (h=6.62X10-34 JS) and f
is frequency of the radiation. This is called quantum
theory
Until of radiation.
Planck's quantum theory , it was considered
that the radiation was emitted continuously and not
in separate packets of energy.
 In 1905,Einstein assumed that , light of frequency
‘√’is composed of discrete packets of energy and
hence it is emitted and absorbed as the packet of
energy h√ known as photon. The frequency of each
photon is given by E= h√.
For
Thisn equation
number oftells
photons,
us that E=
it isnh√
possible
Where,
to have
n=
0,1,2,3………
energy of radiation of an amount 1h√, 2h√…… but
never 1.5 h√ or 1.7 h√ e.t.c.
Thereafter, most of the subsequent mathematics
development and interpretation were made by a
number of distinguished physicist including Bohr,
Sommerfeld, De Broglie, Schrodinger, Heisenberg
e.t.c.
 Electrons and matter wave(De Broglie’s
wave and equation)
(Dual nature of particle)

We know that, a wave spreads out and occupies a

large region of space but a particle occupies a
particular position in the space. Light shows
phenomena such as interference, diffraction and
polarization. These phenomena are the evidences of
wave nature of light. On the other hand, light shows
phenomena such as photoelectric effect, Compton
effect and discrete absorption
• and
Natureemission. These
loves symmetry
(i,e, there is no partial role of
phenomena are the evidences nature)ofand
particle nature of
in the universe,
light. Light therefore exhibits
wholedual nature
of the energythat is it
is in the
form of radiation and matter.
behaves as particles as well Soasbothwaves.
these forms of energy
should possess similar
characteristics (if mass-energy
symmetry is presents for
waves then the same
symmetry should be available
Thus it was argued by De Broglie that if light or radiation
has a dual aspect (nature) i.e wave and particles
nature, why not to think of particles of matter also
having this dual aspect? Based on the Planck's theory of
radiation and Einstein theory of relativity, De Broglie, in
1924 concluded and put forwarded that all moving
particles (like, electron, protons, neutrons e.t.c) should
also Thus
behave like waves
according of a
to De definite
Broglie, wave (moving
matter length.
particles) sometimes behaves as a wave and sometimes
behaves as particle i.e dual nature just like by light. This
is dual nature of matters. The waves which are associated
with matter are called matter waves or De Broglie waves
and the wave length associated with matter waves is
called De-Broglie wave length which is given by λ= h/p
=h/mv……….(i)
where, h= planck’s constant, p= momentum
of the particle.
Equation (i) is called De-Broglie wave equation.
Derivation of De-Broglie wave length:
According to Einstein’s mass energy relation, we have
E=mc2 ……….(ii)
where m= mass of particles moving with velocity of light
c= speed of light in vacuum.
Further, according to Planck's quantum theory of
radiation, the energy of photon of frequency √ is given
by,
From equation (ii) E=
andh√………… (iii)
(iii) we get,
mc2 = h√ = hc/λ , (√ = c/λ)
or, mc= h/λ
or, p= h/λ
Therefore, λ =h/p…..(iv) This is called De-Broglie
relation.
De- Broglie suggested that equation (iv) is a
completely general one that applies to material
particles as well as to the photons. The momentum of
a material particles (electron , proton , neutron etc) of
Is , λ =h/p= h/mv …………….(v).
From this equation or relation , it is clear that greater is the
momentum ,the shorter will be the wavelength or higher will be
Davisson- Germer carried out an experiment in 1927 to show
the frequency.
the diffraction of a beam of electrons just like a light wave. So ,
the experiment proved the De-Broglie’s hypothesis where De-
Broglie’s wavelengthλ of electron =
is
Where, V= applied
= p.d.
De-Broglie Wavelength of an electron:
Consider an electron of mass m and charge e to be accelerated
through a p.d. of V volts. Let v be velocity gained by it. Work
done on the electron is eV , Which is equal to kinetic energy
gained by the electron. (mv2)
or, 2eVi.e,
= mveV
2 = 1/2
or, 2eVm = m2v2 =p2 ,p=mv
Therefore , p = (2eVm)1/2.........(vi)
From equation (v) and (vi),we get
λ= This equation gives De –Broglie
wavelength of an electron.
 Characteristics of the De-Broglie Matter Wave
The main characteristics of De-Broglie’s waves are :
 The De-Broglie waves are different from electromagnetic waves which
travel with a
constant velocity v.
 The wave length of matter wave is inversely proportional to mass of the
particles.
 The wave velocity of De-Broglie wave is greater than the velocity of
electromagnetic
waves. Heisenberg’s uncertainty
 Two different velocities are associated with a matter particle in a
principle
The uncertainty principle was proposed by Heisenberg in 1927. This
motion, is
one is group
principle a direct consequence of the dual nature of matter. According to
classical mechanics aother
velocity(v) and is wave
moving velocity
particle has aordefinite
phase velocity (u). and
momentum
occupies a definite position in space and it is possible to determine both its
position and velocity
In quantum (or momentum).
mechanics, a moving particle is described by a wave
group(wave packet) so the particle may be located anywhere within the
group at a given time. For a small wave group, the position of the particle can
be fixed but the particle will spread rapidly and hence the velocity becomes
uncertain. On the other hand for a large wave group the velocity can be fixed
but there is large in position. In this way, the certainty in position involves
uncertainty in momentum or velocity and certainty of momentum involves
the uncertainty in position. This shows that it is impossible to know where
 The H.U.P states that, “It is impossible to determine precisely and
simultaneously the values of both the members of pair of physical
variables which describe the motion of an atomic system.” Such pairs of
variable used to describe the motion of a particle are called canonically
If P and Q are
conjugate any two physical variables (canonically conjugate
variables.
variables) then, the quantitative definition of H.U.P is , ” The product of
uncertainties in determination of pair of physical variable (which

h/2𝜋. That is, ΔP x ΔQ > h/2𝜋.

describe the motion of an atomic system) is equal to or greater than

where, ΔP = error(uncertainty) in the measurement of P.

Incase ofΔQ=
position and momentum,
error(uncertainty) when
in the position is measured
measurement of Q.
accurately, there is inaccuracy(error) for the measurement of
momentum and vice versa. This inaccuracy is also known as
uncertainty. If Δx is uncertainty in position of an object and ΔP be
uncertainty in the momentum then according to Heisenberg’s

ΔP x Δx > h/2𝜋.
Similarly, for
uncertainty the conjugate variable (pair of physical variable) energy
principle,

ΔE x Δt > h/2𝜋.
and time,

For the conjugate variable (pair of physical variable) angular momentum

ΔJ x Δθ > h/2𝜋.
and angular displacement,
 It is clear that the uncertainty principle is only important in considering
measurement of small particle on atomic system. The uncertainty
principle is verified by Heisenberg’s Gamma Ray Microscope and
diffraction of beam of electrons through a single slit.
Applications of Heisenberg’s uncertainty
principle:
 To prove the non existence of the electron in the nucleus of an atom
and existence of
proton and neutron in nucleus.
 To determine the radius of hydrogen atom.
 To calculate binding of an electron in an atom.
 To determine the finite width of spectral line.
 To study the strength of nuclear force and stability of the atom.
we know, E = h√ = hc/λ , but w = 2𝜋√, √=w/ 2 𝜋
 Energy in terms of universal Planck’s constant ħ:

∴ E= h = ħw, where ħ=

we know, P= h/ λ but K= 2 𝜋/λ , λ= 2𝜋/K

 Momentum in terms of ħ:

∴P= h = ħK
Thank you