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lecture 2

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biophysics

leacturer : Wasfiya Ali Muneer


Department of Physics
Chapter 2
Physics of the
Cardiovascular System
Lecture 2
Introduction to
Cardiovascular System
29/ 2/2024
The cardiovascular system
Human cardiovascular system, organ system that
conveys blood through vessels to and from all parts of
the body, carrying nutrients and oxygen to tissues
and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. It is a
closed tubular system in which the blood is propelled
by a muscular heart.
Component of cardiovascular system
 The essential components of the human
cardiovascular system are
1.Heart

2.Blood vessels

3.Blood

3
Component of cardiovascular system
1.The heart
 The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It is located
in the middle cavity of the chest, between the lungs. In most people, the heart is
located on the left side of the chest, beneath the breastbone.
 Each day, the average human heart beats about 100,000 times, pumping 2,000
gallons of blood through the body.
 In fact, the heart does more physical work than any other muscle over a lifetime.
 The heart is composed of smooth muscle. It has four chambers which contract in
a specific order, allowing the human heart to pump blood from the body to the
lungs and back again with high efficiency. The heart also contains “pacemaker”
cells which fire nerve impulses at regular intervals, prompting the heart muscle
to contract.
 n humans, the heart is roughly the size of a large fist and weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces
(280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women, according to Henry
Gray's "Anatomy of the Human Body."
Component of cardiovascular system
 The heart’s function in any organism is to maintain a
constant flow of blood throughout the body. This
replenishes oxygen and circulates nutrients among the
cells and tissues.

 Following are the main functions of the heart:


 One of the primary function of the human heart is
to pump blood throughout the body.
 Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, glucose and
other components to various parts of the body
 The heart also ensures that adequate blood
pressure is maintained in the body
Component of cardiovascular system
1.The heart
1.1. structure of the heart
The heart’s unique design allows it to accomplish the incredible
task of circulating blood through the human body. Here we will
review its essential components and how and why blood passes
through them.

a. Layers of the Heart Wall


b. Chambers of the Heart
c. Valves of the Heart
d. The Sinoatrial Node

a
b
c

d
Component of cardiovascular system
1.The heart
1.1. structure of the heart
1.1.a .Layers of the Heart Wall
One of the very first structures which can be observed when the
external structure of the heart is viewed is the pericardium
The pericardium is a thin sac that surrounds your heart. It protects and
lubricates your heart and keeps it within your chest.

The pericardium has two layers :


1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Serous pericardium
Component of cardiovascular system
1. The heart
1.1. structure of the heart
1.1.a . Layers of the Heart Wall
 The heart has three layers of tissue, each of which serve a slightly different
purpose. These are:

•The Epicardium. The epicardium is also sometimes considered a part of the


protective pericardial membrane around the heart. It helps to keep the heart
lubricated and protected.

•The Myocardium. The myocardium is the muscle of the heart. You can
remember this because the root word “myo” comes from “muscle,” while
“cardium” comes from“heart.”
The myocardium is an incredibly strong muscle that makes up most of the heart. It
is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

•The Endocardium. The endocardium is a thin, protective layer inside the heart.
It is made of smooth, slippery endothelial cells, which prevent blood from sticking
to the inside of the heart and forming deadly blood clots.
Component of cardiovascular system
1. The heart
1.1. structure of the heart
1.1.b . Chambers of the Heart
 The heart has four chambers, designed to pump blood from the body to the lungs and back again with
extremely high efficiency.

The Right Atrium. The right and left atria are the smaller chambers of the heart, and they have thinner, less
muscular walls. This is because they only receive blood from the veins – they don’t have to pump it back out
through the whole circulatory system!. The right atrium only has to receive blood from the body’s veins and
pump it into the left ventricle, where the real pumping action starts.

The Right Ventricle. The ventricles are larger chambers with stronger, thicker walls. They are responsible for
pumping blood to the organs at high pressures.There are two ventricles because there are two circuits blood
needs to be pumped through – the pulmonary circuit, where blood receives oxygen from the lungs, and the body
circuit, where oxygen-filled blood travels to the rest of the body.Maintaining these two separate circuits with two
separate ventricles is much more efficient than simply pumping blood to the lungs and allowing it to flow to the
rest of the body from there. With two ventricles, the heart can generate twice the force, and deliver oxygen to
our cells much faster.The right ventricle is the one attacked to the pulmonary circuit. It pumps blood through the
pulmonary artery and to the lungs, where the blood fills with oxygen, at high pressure. The blood then returns
to…

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins. It pumps this blood into the left
ventricle, which…

The left ventricle pumps blood throughout the rest of the body.
After the blood has circulated through the body and the oxygen has been exchange for carbon dioxide waste
from the body’s cells, the blood re-enters the right atrium and the process begins again.
Component of cardiovascular system
1. The heart
1.1. structure of the heart
1.1.c . valves of the Heart
The four valves of the heart are:
•Aortic valve.
•Mitral valve.
•Pulmonary valve (or pulmonic valve).
•Tricuspid valve.
Component of cardiovascular system
1. The heart
1.1. structure of the heart
1.1.d .The Sinoatrial Node
 Electrical pulses in the heart are controlled by special groups of cells
called nodes. The SA (sinoatrial) node generates an electrical signal
that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. The signal
then passes through the AV (atrioventricular) node to the lower heart
chambers (ventricles), causing them to contract , or pump.
 The SA node is considered the pacemaker of the heart. Its electrical
signals normally cause the atria of an adult's heart to contract at a
rate of about 60 to 100 times a minute.
Component of cardiovascular system
2.Blood vessels
Blood vessels are channels that carry blood throughout your body. They
form a closed loop, like a circuit, that begins and ends at your heart.
Together, the heart vessels and blood vessels form your circulatory
system. Your body contains about 60,000 miles of blood vessels.

 There are three types of blood vessels:


•Arteries carry blood away from your heart.
•Veins carry blood back toward your heart.
•Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins.
Component of cardiovascular system
3.Blood
Blood is a specialized body fluid. It has four main components:
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood
has many different functions, including transporting oxygen
and nutrients to the lungs and tissues.
How the heat work?
The atria and ventricles contract and relax in turn, producing a
rhythmical heartbeat:

Right side
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through
veins called the superior and inferior vena cava (the largest veins in the
body).
The right atrium contracts, and blood passes to the right ventricle.
Once the right ventricle is full, it contracts and pumps the blood
through to the lungs via the pulmonary artery, where it picks up oxygen
and offloads carbon dioxide.

Left side
Newly oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary
vein.
The left atrium contracts, pushing blood into the left ventricle.
Once the left ventricle is full, it contracts and pushes the blood back out
to the body via the aorta.
How does the heat work?
Types of circulation
 There are two types of circulation within the body,
namely pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

1.Pulmonary circulation is a portion of circulation responsible


for carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to
the lungs and then brings oxygenated blood back to the heart.

2.Systemic circulation is another portion of circulation where


the oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to every
organ and tissue in the body, and then back again to the heart.
Types of circulation

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