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Immune System

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Immune System

Uploaded by

ghostleviathan97
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Immune

System
Key concept and Functions
Komal Vishwakarma
Immune System
• The Immune system protects the body from
harmful microorganisms (pathogens).
• Main goal: Identify and eliminate foreign invaders.
• Works through a complex network of cells,
tissues, and organs.
• Recognize foreign substances (antigens).
• Destroy harmful microorganisms.
• Remembers past infections to provide faster
responses in the future.
Types of immunity
1. INNATE IMMUNITY (NON-SPECIFIC)

First line of defense (skin , mucous membranes).

Immediate but non-specific response

Includes physical barriers, phagocytes, and


inflammation.
2.Adaptive
Immunity(specific)
Delayed responses, tailored to specific pathogens.

Involves T-cells and B-cells.

Humoral immunity: B-cells produce antibodies to neutralize


pathogens.

Cell Mediated immunity: T-cells attack infected or abnormal cells


Antigen and Antibody a
n
• Antigen: A foreign substance that triggers an immune response. t
Can be a protein, virus, bacteria, or toxin. i
b
• Each antigen has unique markers (epitopes) recognized by the o
immune system. d
y
• Antibody: A protein produced by B-cells in response to antigens.
Binds to a specific antigens to neutralize or mark them for
destruction.

• Structure: Y shaped with variables regions that binds to specific


antigens.
Tests for Viruses and Antigen-
Antibody Interactions
• Antigen tests: Detects the presence of viral proteins (e.g., rapid diagnostic a
tests for COVID-19). n
t
• Antibody Tests: Measure the body’s immune response to an infection i
g
(e.g., ELISA tests).
e
n
• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects viral RNA/DNA to diagnose s
active infections.

• Neutralization Tests: Measures the ability of antibodies to neutralize a


virus.
Innate Immunity i
n
• Physical barriers: Skin, mucus, tears, stomach acids.
n
a
• Phagocytes: Macrophages and neutrophils engulf and destroy pathogens. t
e
• Natural Killers Cells: Attack virus-infected or cancerous cells.

• Inflammation: Response to injury or infection, bringing immune cells to the


site.

• Fever: Elevation of body temperature to inhibit pathogen growth.


Adaptive (Acquired)
Immunity
• B-cells: Produces antibodies that binds to specific antigens. a
d
a
• T-cells: p
t
• Helper T-cells: Activates B-cells and other immune cells. i
v
e
• Cytotoxic T-cells: Directly kills infected or abnormal cells.

• Memory Cells: Provides long-lasting immunity after exposure to a


pathogen.
Immune System organs
• PRIMARY ORGANS:

• Bone Marrow: Produces immune cells (T-cells , T-cells)

• Thymus: Matures T-cells.

• SECONDARY ORGANS:

• Lymph Nodes: Filters lymph fluid and traps pathogens.

• Spleen: Filters blood and removes damaged red blood cells and
pathogens.

• Tonsils: Protects against inhaled or ingested pathogens.


Immune response
• Recognition: Antigen detection by immune cells.

• Activation: B-cells and T-cells responds to antigen

• Elimination: Pathogen are destroyed or neutralized.

• Memory Formation: Long term protection through memory B-cells


and T-cells
Disorders and effects of
aging:
1.OVERACTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM: IMMUNE SYSTEM AND AGING:

• Allergies: Immune system reacts to • Immune function declines with age.


harmless substances.
• Elderly people have reduced
• Auto-immune diseases: The immune responses to infections and
system attacks the body’s own vaccines.
cells(e.g., lupus, rheumatoids
arthritis). • Increased risk of chronic diseases.

2.UNDERACTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

Immunodeficiency diseases (e.g.,


HIV/AIDS): Weak or missing
components of the immune system.

Aging weakens the immune system, raising disease risks. Healthy habits and care helps manage these effects.
Vaccination and Immune
memory:
….
• Vaccines exposes the body to weakened or inactive
pathogens to stimulate an immune response.

• Memory cells are created, allowing faster and


stronger responses to future and stronger responses
to future infections.

• Herd Immunity: When a large part of the population


is immune, it reduces the spread of infectious
diseases.
Conclusion:
The immune system is vital for protecting
against disease.
Both innate and adaptive immunity work
together to defend the body.
Proper care and vaccination help maintain a
healthy immune system.

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