MAXWELL’S

EQUATIONS in
different medium

PRESENTED BY:
ANJANA MEENA
2021IMSPH003
URVASHI NIRWAN
 Maxwell’s Equation

Derivation of maxwell’s equation

TABLE Importance of maxwell’s equation

Electric and magnetic field in

OF terms of
Scalar and vector potential
Maxwell’s equation in different
CONTE medium
Maxwell equation in vacuum,

NT dielectric, conductor
 MAXWELL’S EQUATION

GAUSS LAW IN ELECTROSTATIC

=0 GAUSS LAW IN
MAGNETOSTATIC
FARADAY’S LAW
AMPERE’S LAW
 DERIVATION OF MAXWELL’S EUATIONS
IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM
Gauss law of electrostatic
According to gauss law in electrostatics, the surface integral of electric
field over a closed surface is times the total charge enclosed within
the surface

= …..(1)

According to gauss divergence theorem, = ….(2)

=
 GAUSS LAW OF MAGNETOSTATIC
=0
According to gauss law in magnetostatics, the surface integral of
magnetic field over a closed surface is zero.

According to gauss divergence theorem, =

=0

=0
It means that magnetic monopoles do not exist; magnetic
field lines always form closed loops.
 FARADAY’S LAW
According to faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, emf induced
in a closed loop is equal to rate of change of magnetic flux limited
with loop.
e= (-ve sign due to lenz’s law)
=
e=
We know by definition e=
according to stokes law =

=
 AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW

According to Ampere’s circuital law “ the line integral of magnetic

field induction around a closed path is equal to times total current
passing through loop”
=
= =
=
=

According to stokes theorem,=

=
= ….(1)
Taking divergence on both side,
=.
=0 (divergence of curl of a vector is always zero)
So. =0
According to equation of continuity . +=0
.
0
=constant (Which is true only for time independent
fields)

For time dependent fields, equation (1) need some modification

Maxwell suggested that we must add some
(Where is displacement current density)

= +
 = +
This is the modified form of Ampere’s law
According to this equation, current carrying coil produces
magnetic field because of both electric current and displacement
current

= +
= +
= +
)= +

= +
 Importance of Maxwells
Unification of Equation
Wave Electromagnetic Technological Foundation for
Forces: Propagation: Induction: Applications: Modern
Physics:
They unify electric Maxwell's They provide the The equations Maxwell's
and magnetic fields equations describe basis for underpin the equations
into a single the propagation of electromagnetic design and influenced the
framework, electromagnetic induction, crucial functioning of all development of
illustrating how waves, leading to for the operation of electronic devices, special relativity
they interact and the foundational electrical devices including and quantum
coexist, which is principles of optics like generators and smartphones, mechanics,
fundamental to and communication transformers, antennas, and shaping our
understanding technologies, enabling energy radar systems, understanding of
electromagnetism including radio and conversion and driving light and
light. distribution. advancements in fundamental forces
modern in the universe
technology.
 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD
IN TERMS OF SCALAR AND VECTOR POTENTIAL
MAXWELL’S EQUATION =0

We know that divergence of curl of a vector is always zero

=0

Compare both equation, we get

= where is magnetic vector

potential
Maxwell’s equation

=0
)=0
)=curl 0
)=
 Maxwell’s equation in different
medium
The behavior of electromagnetic fields changes in different media
primarily due to variations in material properties such as
permittivity, permeability, and conductivity.
1.Permittivity (ε)
Permittivity measures how a material responds to an electric
field and affects the electric field's strength within the material.
•Dielectrics vs. Conductors:
• Dielectrics: Have a relative permittivity (​>1). They can be
polarized in the presence of an electric field, which
influences the overall electric field within the material.
• Conductors: Have very high permittivity, allowing free
movement of charge. In the presence of an electric field,
charges redistribute quickly, canceling the internal field.
2. Permeability (μ)
Permeability describes how a material responds to a magnetic
field, affecting the magnetic field's propagation.
•Magnetic Materials:
• Diamagnetic: Weakly repel magnetic fields and have ​<1.
• Paramagnetic: Weakly attract magnetic fields and have ​
>1.
• Ferromagnetic: Exhibit strong magnetic properties and
can retain magnetization.
3. Conductivity (σ)
Conductivity measures a material's ability to conduct electric
current.
•Effects on Fields:
• In conductors, electric fields are quickly dissipated as
charges move freely, leading to a rapid decay of the field
inside the material.
4. Polarization
In dielectrics, when an electric field is applied, the
positive and negative charges within the material shift
slightly, creating dipoles. This polarization reduces the
effective electric field within the material.
•Impact: This changes the way electric fields interact
with the material, often leading to different field
distributions and strengths compared to a vacuum.
 MAXWELL’S EQUATION IN VACUUM
Maxwell's equations in vacuum describe how electric and magnetic
fields propagate through free space without the influence of matter.
In a vacuum, where there are no charges or currents,
=0
they take a simplified form.
1. Gauss's Law for Electrostatic

∇⋅E=0

•The divergence of the electric field (E) is zero, indicating that there
are no electric charges present in the vacuum.
. Gauss's Law for Magnetism
=0
•The divergence of the magnetic field (B) is zero,
indicating that there are no magnetic monopoles.
Magnetic field lines are continuous loops.

Faraday's Law of Induction

•​A changing magnetic field over time induces an

electric field. This principle is the basis for
electromagnetic induction.
Ampère-Maxwell Law

=0
Or

•A changing electric field induces a magnetic field. Here,

is the permeability of free space, and is the permittivity of
free space.
 MAXWELL’S EQUATION IN DIELECTRIC
Maxwell's equations in dielectrics describe how electric and
magnetic fields behave in materials that can be polarized but do
not conduct electricity.

Properties of dielectric medium

• Isotropic – if dielectric is isotropic then it show some
properties in all direction if there is no volume distribution of
charge in medium so volume charge density remain zero. =0
• Current density – in dielectric outermost electron or volume
electron are zero there is no conductivity so =0
• Homogeneous it show same properties at different point.
• Infinite resistance
• Conductivity- in dielectric, conductivity is very low
In a dielectric medium, the presence of bound charges alters the
behavior of electric fields compared to a vacuum. The modified
Maxwell's equations in dielectrics take into account the effects of
polarization.
In dielectric medium =0 , =0 , = ,

Gauss's Law for Electricity

∇⋅D=ρ

∇⋅D=0 =0
D = electric
displacement field.
The divergence of D accounts for free charges and shows how
electric fields behave in the presence of dielectric materials.
2. Gauss's Law for Magnetism
=0
This remains unchanged, indicating that there are no magnetic
monopoles in the dielectric.
3. Faraday's Law of Induction

The induced electric field due to a changing magnetic field remains the
same as in a vacuum.
4. Ampère-Maxwell Law
= +
= =0
H = magnetic field intensity.
= free current density.
This equation incorporates the displacement current due to changing
electric fields, which is important in dielectric materials.
 MAXWELL’S EQUATION IN CONDUCTING
MEDIUM
Conducting medium -materials that allow the flow of electric
current due to free charge
In a conducting medium, Maxwell's equations take into account
the effects of conduction currents along with displacement
currents.
Conduction current – in a conductor , the current density is
directly proportional to the electric field through the
conductivity .
Displacement current -the term accounts for the time varying
electric fields that contribute to the total current.
According to ohm’s law
Gauss's Law:
∇⋅D=
In conductors, ρ can be significant.
Gauss's Law for Magnetism:
This remains unchanged: ∇⋅B=0

Faraday's Law of Induction:

Holds true, but the induced electric field may be offset by current flow.
Ampère-Maxwell Law

•In steady-state (DC), =0

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