LOGIC AND

REASONING
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 Differentiate inductive from deductive reasoning
 Determine the appropriate thought process to use towards
persuasion and argumentation; and
 Avoid the use of fallacies in one’s writing and in everyday
experiences during interaction with people.
● We learned that persuasion does
not just depend on one mode, but
on the speaker using his or her
personal credibility and
credentials; understanding what
important beliefs, attitudes,
values, and needs of the
audience connect with the
persuasive purpose; and drawing
on fresh evidence that the
audience has not heard before.
 MATERIALS  PREMISES AND FACTS

 BLUEPRINT  LOGICAL METHOD

 KNOWLEDGE OF  CRITICAL THINKING

BUILDING TRADES ABILITY
  GOOD QUALITY (your information
 INGREDIENTS and facts must be true)
 RECIPE  DIRECTIONS must be right (the
logical process)
 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT COOKING  KNOW what he or she is doing.
 LOGIC
Is the study of reasoning,
inference, and argumentation.
It's a formal system of rules
and principles used to evaluate
and construct valid arguments.
 REASONING
is the mental process of making
sense of things, understanding
concepts, drawing conclusions,
and solving problems based on
available information and prior
knowledge.
Why do we have to use logic
and reasoning in persuasion?
 It is warmer this year in the My friend said her logic class is hard,
Philippines as compared to last year, and the one that I’m enrolled in is
therefore, global warming is hard, too. All logic classes must be
accelerating. hard!
 TWO COMPONENTS OF LOGICAL
ARGUMENT
PREMISE
Statement in an argument that CONCLUSION
A conclusion in an argument is
provides the
evidence or reasons to form a statement the premises support;
conclusion. it
It contains the information that indicates what the arguer is
leads trying to
your audience to believe that prove to his audience. An
your argument
argument is true. can have only one conclusion.
Examples of Premise and Conclusion
1.Since small fish is rich in calcium, it follows that your body will
benefit if you eat them.

Premise - small fish is rich in calcium;

Conclusion - your body will benefit if you eat them.
This argument has only one premise.

Note that this argument can be also written as follows.

Your body will benefit from eating small fish because it is a rich
source of calcium.

Here, the conclusion is presented first and the premise is connected to it

by the linking word because. It is important to remember that the
conclusion and the premise have no set order in an argument.
2.I have heard that cats with long hair have lots of fleas. They
also shed all over the house, so you should not get a long-
haired cat.

Premise 1: Cats with long hair have lots of fleas.

Premise 2: Cats with long hair shed all over the house
Conclusion: Don’t get a cat with long hair.

3. He is not good at his work, so he doesn’t deserve a raise.

Premise: He is not good at his work.

Conclusion: He doesn’t deserve a raise.

4.No one under eighteen-years-old can vote. Jim cannot vote

because he is not yet eighteen.

Premise 1: No one under eighteen-years-old can vote

Premise 2: Jim is under eighteen.
Conclusion: Jim cannot vote.
 Inductive reasoning
involves making
generalizations based on
specific observations or
evidence.
INDUCTIVE specific observations to
REASONING general conclusion.

The conclusion reached

through inductive reasoning
is not certain; it is only
probable or likely to be true.
Example:
 Every cat I've seen has a tail.
 Therefore, all cats have tails.

In this example, the conclusion is based on

observations of specific cats, but it's not guaranteed
to be true for every single cat in existence.
Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a
series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes or in
their offices: secretaries, business men and women, military and federal workers,
moms and dads, friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by
evil, despicable acts of terror. The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires
burning, huge—huge structures collapsing have filled us with disbelief, terrible
sadness, and a quiet, unyielding anger. These acts of mass murder were intended to
frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed. Our country is
strong.
A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake
the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of
America.
- Speech excerpt from President George W. Bush’s address to the nation on the evening of
September 11, 2001.
 Deductive reasoning starts
with a general premise or
statement and uses it to reach a
DEDUCTIVE specific, logically certain
conclusion.
REASONING If the premises are true and the
logic is valid, the conclusion must
also be true.
Example:

• All humans are mortal. (General premise)

• Socrates is a human. (Specific premise)

Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (Certain

conclusion)
In this example, if the premises are true (which
they are in this case), the conclusion must be
true as well.
A syllogism can lead to incorrect conclusions if one of the
premises isn’t true, as in the following example:

• All presidents have lived in the White House. (Major premise)

• George Washington was president. (Minor premise)
• George Washington lived in the White House. (Conclusion)

In the previous example, the major premise was untrue, since John
Adams, our second president, was the first president to live in the White
House. This causes the conclusion to be false.
 Here's a step-by-step thought process to enhance
your persuasion and argumentation skills:
1. 3. Research and
2. Define Your Objective 4. Identify Your
Understand Gather Evidence Main Points
Your
Audience

Analyze your Clearly outline your goal Conduct thorough Determine the key
audience's for persuading or research to support points you want to
demographics, beliefs, arguing—whether it's your claims and convey and the
values, and interests changing someone's arguments. Collect order in which they
to tailor your opinion, encouraging credible data, should be
arguments to resonate action, or fostering statistics, anecdotes, presented to
with them. understanding. and expert opinions create a logical
that reinforce your and compelling
position. argument.
 Here's a step-by-step thought process to enhance
your persuasion and argumentation skills:
5. Construct 6. Address 8. Establish Credibilit
7. Appeal to Emotions
a Strong and Logic:
Counterarguments and Authority
Argument

Develop a clear and Anticipate possible Combine emotional Demonstrate

concise thesis objections and appeals (pathos) with your expertise,
statement that counterarguments. logical reasoning credibility, and
encapsulates your Address them directly, (logos) to create a trustworthiness
main argument. showing why your persuasive and well- in the subject
Support this thesis position remains valid rounded argument. matter to
with well-structured despite opposing Appeal to your enhance your
points and evidence.. views. audience's emotions persuasive
while presenting a influence.
 Here's a step-by-step thought process to enhance
your persuasion and argumentation skills:
9. Use Clear 11. Practice Active 12. Deliver a
10. Employ Rhetorical
and Engaging Devices Listening Strong Closing
Language

Craft your argument Use rhetorical tools Listen carefully to the Summarize your
using language that is such as repetition, concerns and key points and
easy to understand, analogy, metaphors, perspectives of others. restate your
engaging, and and rhetorical Show empathy and thesis in a
impactful. Use questions to make understanding, as this compelling
powerful and your argument more will help you address manner to leave
descriptive words to persuasive and their needs and a lasting
convey your message memorable. concerns in your impression and
effectively. argument. reinforce your
They have appeared on social
media. They have been
FALLACIES
mentioned in movie dialogue.
In fact, you've probably
already used them.
 FALLACIES
A logical fallacy is an argument that can be
disproven through reasoning. This is different
from a subjective argument or one that can be
disproven with facts; for a position to be a logical
fallacy, it must be logically flawed or deceptive
in some way.
Logical fallacies was first recognized and
cataloged as such in the Nyāya-Sūtras,
the foundational text of the Nyāya school
of Hindu philosophy.
This text, written somewhere between
the 6th century BCE and the 2nd century
CE and attributed to Akṣapāda Gautama,
identified five distinct ways that an The
argument could be logically flawed.
Greek philosopher Aristotle, identified history
thirteen fallacies, divided into verbal and of
material fallacies, in his work Sophistical
Refutations. A verbal fallacy is one where logical
the language used is ambiguous or fallacies
incorrect, and a material fallacy is an
argument that involves faulty or flawed
reasoning.
Example:
Barbara: We should review these data sets again just to be sure
they’re accurate.
Tim: I figured you would suggest that since you’re a bit slow when it
comes to math.
For example, if someone argues that we should reduce our military
spending, and another person responds by saying that they want to
leave the country defenseless, they are creating a straw man
argument.

The original argument was not that we should leave the country
defenseless, but rather that we should reduce military spending
For example, consider the following argument: “A feather is light.
What is light cannot be dark.
Therefore, a feather cannot be dark.” Here, the word “light” is used i
n two different senses: one meaning “not heavy” and the other mea
ning “bright”
4
. This leads to a false conclusion that a feather cannot be dark.
For example, if someone argues that we should not allow people
to own guns, and another person responds by saying that this will
lead to the government taking away all of our rights, they are
committing the slippery slope fallacy.

The original argument was not that the government should take a
way all of our rights, but rather that people should not be allowed
to own guns
1
For example, if someone argues that all dogs are friendly based
on their experience with their own dog, they are committing the
hasty generalization fallacy.

This is because their sample size is too small and not representativ
e of all dogs
For example, if someone argues that a particular medical
treatment is effective because a celebrity endorses it, they are
committing the appeal to authority fallacy.

The celebrity may not have any expertise in the medical field, and t
heir endorsement does not provide any evidence to support the eff
ectiveness of the treatment
For example,
when a person argues that we must either choose bet
ween capitalism or socialism, ignoring the fact that th
ere are other economic systems that exist
.
For example, if someone argues that a particular political
candidate is the best choice because they are leading in the polls,
they are committing the bandwagon fallacy.

The fact that many people support the candidate does not necessar
ily mean that they are the best choice
1
The most effective way to avoid using logical
fallacies in your work is to carefully think
through every argument you make, tracing
your mental steps to ensure that each can be
supported with facts and doesn’t contradict
other statements you’ve made in your work.
THANK
YOU!
REFERENCES:

Chapter 20: Logical Reasoning –

Exploring Communication in the R
eal World (pressbooks.pub)

11.3 Persuasive Reasoning and Fallacies – Communica

tion in the Real World (umn.edu)

What are Premises and Conclusions in an Argu

ment | Explanation with Examples (pediaa.com)

What Is a Logical Fallacy? 15 Common Logical Fallacie

s | Grammarly