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Lecture 4; Circular Motion

The document discusses circular motion, detailing its characteristics, angular measurements in radians, and the concept of rigid bodies. It explains angular displacement, speed, acceleration, and the relationship between angular and linear quantities, including centripetal acceleration and force. Additionally, it highlights applications of circular motion in various fields, such as medicine and separation processes.

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mtenderechindiwo
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3 views

Lecture 4; Circular Motion

The document discusses circular motion, detailing its characteristics, angular measurements in radians, and the concept of rigid bodies. It explains angular displacement, speed, acceleration, and the relationship between angular and linear quantities, including centripetal acceleration and force. Additionally, it highlights applications of circular motion in various fields, such as medicine and separation processes.

Uploaded by

mtenderechindiwo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Circular Motion

(Rotational Motion)

M.A. LIKHULE
Circular motion
 This is the motion of an object in a
circular path.
 It has the same characteristics as

linear motion.
 All the quantities are measured in

relation to the angle of motion from


the centre of the path.
 All angular measurements are

expressed in units of radians.


The Radian
 The radian is a unit of
angular measure
 The radian can be
defined as the arc
length s along a circle
divided by the radius r

s
 
r
More About Radians
 Comparing degrees and radians

360 
1 rad   57 . 3 
2
 Converting from degrees to radians


 [rad ]   [deg rees ]
180 
Rigid Body
 Every point on the object undergoes circular
motion about the point O
 All parts of the object of the body rotate through
the same angle during the same time
 The object is considered to be a rigid body
 This means that each part of the body is fixed in
position relative to all other parts of the body
Angular Displacement
 This is the angle covered
by an object in circular
motion in relation to the
centre of the path.
 Axis of rotation is the
center of the disk
 Need a fixed reference
line
 During time t, the
reference line moves
through angle θ which is
the angular displacement.
Angular Displacement, cont.
 The angular displacement is defined as the
angle the object rotates through during some
time interval

  fi  
 The unit of angular displacement is the radian
 Each point on the object undergoes the same
angular displacement
Average Angular Speed
 The average angular
speed, ω, of a
rotating rigid object is
the ratio of the
angular displacement
to the time interval

 fi   
 av  
t fi  t t
Angular Speed, cont.
 The instantaneous angular speed is defined as
the limit of the average speed as the time
interval approaches zero
 Units of angular speed are radians/sec
 rad/s
 Speed will be positive if θ is increasing
(counterclockwise)
 Speed will be negative if θ is decreasing
(clockwise)
Average Angular Acceleration
 The average angular acceleration of an
object is defined as the ratio of the change in
the angular speed to the time it takes for the
object to undergo the change:

 fi   
 av  
t fi  t t
Angular Acceleration, cont
 Units of angular acceleration are rad/s²
 Positive angular accelerations are in the
counterclockwise direction and negative
accelerations are in the clockwise direction
 When a rigid object rotates about a fixed axis,
every portion of the object has the same angular
speed and the same angular acceleration
Angular Acceleration, final
 The sign of the acceleration does not have to
be the same as the sign of the angular speed
 The instantaneous angular acceleration is

defined as the limit of the average


acceleration as the time interval approaches
zero
Analogies Between Linear and
Rotational Motion
Relationship Between Angular
and Linear Quantities
 Displacements  Every point on the
s  r rotating object has the
same angular motion
 Speeds  Every point on the
rotating object does
 Accelerations not have the same
linear motion
at   r
Centripetal Acceleration
 An object traveling in a circle, even though it
moves with a constant speed, will have an
acceleration
 The centripetal acceleration is due to the

change in the direction of the velocity


Centripetal Acceleration, cont.
 Centripetal refers to
“center-seeking”
 The direction of the
velocity changes
 The acceleration is
directed toward the
center of the circle of
motion
Centripetal Acceleration, final
 The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration
is given by 2
v
ac 
r
 This direction is toward the center of the circle
Centripetal Acceleration and
Angular Velocity
 The angular velocity and the linear velocity
are related
v = ωr
 The period, of rotational motion is the time

taken for the object to complete one


revolution (i.e. to turn through 2 radians).
T = 2/ω
 The centripetal acceleration can also be

related to the angular velocity


2
aC  r
Forces Causing Centripetal
Acceleration
 Newton’s Second Law says that the
centripetal acceleration is accompanied by a
force
 FC = maC
 FC stands for any force that keeps an object
following a circular path
 Tension in a string
 Gravity
 Force of friction
CENTRIPETAL FORCE.
 Recall: a body will continue in a state of rest
or uniform motion in a straight line unless
acted upon by an external force.
 Circular motion of any body is a result of an

external force: centripetal force


 This force is needed to keep the body moving

in a circular path.
CENTRIPETAL FORCE.
 For the body to move at constant speed
(uniform motion) the force should not
have a component which is in the
direction of motion of the body otherwise
the speed would change.
 Therefore this force is perpendicular to

the direction of motion and directed


towards the center of the circular path.
CENTRIPETAL FORCE.
 From Newton’s third law: Fnet= ma
 It can easily be deduced from above that

Centripetal force, F = mα = mv2
r
 Or

F = mω2r
Example: c) The period for the
An object of object
mass 4kg moves
around the circle d) Arc length if it moves ¼
of radius 6m with of a revolution.
a constant speed
of 12m/s Solutions
Calculate. a) = ?
a)The angular b) = ?
velocity
c) = ?
b)The force towards
the centre d) = ?
Application:
 Circular motion is
widely used in
separation of mixers
e.g. where a denser
substance/liquid/com
pound is separated
from the less denser.
 Very common in

medicine especially in
Centrifuge use.
THE END

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