CO-OORDINATE GEOMETRY

PRESENTER: Dr. (Mrs.) A. F. ADEBISI AND Dr. A.O OLADAPO

BEING A LECTURE SERIES PRESENTED BY THE DEPARTMENT

OF
MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, OSUN STATE UNIVERSITY,
OSOGBO

MAY 23, 2024

Basic Contents

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY: DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO

POINTS,MID-PONT OF TWO GIVEN POINTS, AREA OF

ATRIANGLE, STRAIGHT LINE, CIRCLE,

PARABOLIC,HYPERBOLA,ELLIPSE
 CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
TWO DIMENSIONAL COORDINATE GEOMETRY
The position of a point in a plane can be given by its coordinate, i.e
the signed distances of the point from two perpendicular axes OX and
OY.
The X-coordinate is called Abscissa while the y-coordinate is called
Ordinate but the plane co-ordinate is usually written as an ordered
pair with X-coordinate written as the first component, e.g point
A(5,3), B(4,3).
The coordinate for general points are taken (x,y) or (a,b) e.t.c, while
those of specific point may be expressed as (x,y),(x,y) etc.
Distance between two points
The distance between two points a(x,y) and b(x,y) can be obtained by
Pythagoras theorem.
 AB 2  AC 2  BC
AC 2 ( x 2  x1 ) 2 , BC 2 ( y 2  y1 ) 2
AC  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2

Problem 1
(1)Find the distance between the points (3,-2) and(-4,5)
Solution
x 2   4, x1 3, y 2 5, y1  2

Dis tan ce  ( 4  3) 2  (5  ( 2) 2
Dis tan ce  ( 7) 2  (7) 2
 98
9.899
Problem 2
Find the distance between the points A(4,-7) and B(-1,5)
Solution

x 2   1, x1 4, y 2 5, y1   7

Dis tan ce  ( 1  4) 2  (5  ( 7) 2

 169 13

Problem 3
Find the distance between the points
a. P(1,2) and Q(-1,-2)
b. A(2,1) and B(3,4)
 MID-POINT OF TWO GIVEN POINTS
Let M be the mid-point of PQ as shown below

Q( x , y ) By Mid –Point theorem PS=ST

2 2

x  x1  x2  x
M ( x, y )
A x  x  x2  x
( x1 , y1 ) 2 x  x 2  x1
P B R
x2  x1
x
2
Similarly, y 2  y1
y
2
Problem 4
Find the coordinate of the mid-point of the line joining the points (5,1) and (6,9)
Solution
x2  x1 y 2  y1
x y
2 2
5  6 11 1  9 10
x  5.5 x  5
2 2 2 2

Problem 5
Show that the points (6,6) and (2,3), (4,7) are the vertices of a right angled
triangle.
Solution Let A (6,6), B (2,3), C (4,7) be the three po int s
AB  (2  6) 2  (3  6) 2  4  9 5
BC  (4  2) 2  (7  3) 2  4  16  20
 CA  (6  4) 2  (6  7) 2  5  5
Hence 2 2 2
AB  BC  CA
AB 2 20  5
25
AB  25 5

Problems
1. The middle point of a line is (2,3) and one end of the line is (3,4).
What are the coordinates of the other end?
2. SHOW that the point (2,6),(5,1),(0,-2) and (-3,3) are the vertices of
a square.
 AREA OF TRIANGLE IN A GEOMETRY

Each of the figure QABC, PBCR and QACR is a trapezium and the area of the
triangle ABC is equal to the sum of the area QABC, PBCR less the area QACR.
We have
1
x1 ( y 2  y3 )  x2 ( y3  y1 )  x3 ( y1  y 2 )
2
Note: The points A,B,C are collinear if and only if the area of the triangle ABC is
zero.
 THE STRAIGHT LINE
Gradient of a line joining two points
Gradient is defined as the ratio going from one point to another on the line.

y2  y1
M
The gradient of line AB= x2  x1
 ANGLE OF SLOPE
Let line NM Makes an angle with the positive x-axis, then is the of slope of
the line.
QR
R
Gradient M 
PQ
M Tan 
Gradient of a line tan  M

P
 Q
If tan  M .
 tan  1 M

Note:
(1) If  0, tan  0 , gradient 0 , the line is parallel to the x-axis
(2) If  90 0 then, the line has no gradient between 1 to x-axis.
(3) 0 0    90 0, then tan  is positive
(4) 90 0    180 0 then from is negative.
 EQUATION OF A LINE IN THE INTERCEPT FORM

Given the gradient of AB to be M and y-intercept be C. Let P ( x, y ) be any point

on the line.
y c
Then gradient m 
x
 y mx  c
 LINE THROUGH GIVEN POINT
Let AB be the line passing through the given point ( x1 , y1 ) with gradient M. let P ( x, y )
be any other point on the line.
P ( x, y ) B

C ( x1 , y1 ) y  y1
( x  x1 ) y  y1
Gradient =m= x  x or y  y1 m( x  x1 ) A
A 1
So, the equation of a line through ( x1 , y1 )with gradient m is ( y  y1 ) m( x  x1 ) Line
passing through two given points ( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ). Since the line passes through
y 2  y1
the given points ( x1 , y1 ) and 2 2 its gradient m is given by m 
( x , y ),
x 2  x1
By (1) we have the required equation of the line as
y 2  y1 y  y1 y 2  y1
y  y1  ( x  x1 ) Or 
x 2  x1 x  x1 x 2  x1
Which is the equation of the line through the two ( x1 , y1 ) points and ( x 2 , y 2 ),
Note: An equation derived using one of the above formulae can be written in general form as
 ax  by  c 0
Problem 6
Show that a line which is equally inclined to the axis has slope +1 or -1.
Find the intercept that the line 3 x  2 y  6 0 makes on the axes. What is the
slope of this line?
Solution
Equation of the given line is 3 x  2 y  6 0 or 3 x  2 y 6
Divide through by 6 which is the constant
3x 2 y 6 x y
    1
x y
6 6 6 2 3
Or 2  3 1 which is the intercept form. Hence the intercepts made on the axes
are 2 or -3.
To find the slope of the line. The equation of the line is y mx  c
3
i.e 3 x  2 y  6 2 y 3x  6 The slope is
2
Exercise
(1) Find the slope of the line joining the points
i. (0,0),(1,2)
ii. (-1,3),(2,5)
iii. (-2,-1),(1,3)
(2) Find the intercepts that the line 3 x  4 y  12 0 makes on both axes. What is
the slope of this line.
(3) Find the slope of the line 3 x  x  2 x 0
 CIRCLE
A circle is the locus of a point which moves in a plane in such a way that its
distance from a fixed point (in a plane)always remains constants.
The fixed point is called the Centre of the circle and the constant distance is
the called the radius of the circle.

Equation of a circle
Let C(h,k) be the given Centre of the circle and let r be the given radius. Take
any point P(x,y) on the circle.
 P ( x, y )
2
Then distance between 2 points
CP ( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2
The required equation of the circle is ( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2 r 2
 CP radius r
2 2 2
CP ( x  h)  ( y  k )
r 2 ( x  h ) 2  ( y  k ) 2
Equation of the circle with radius r and Centre at the origin (0,0)
x 2  y 2 r 2
In general form, we found the equation of a circle in the form
( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2 r 2
x 2  y 2  2 xh  2 yk  (h 2  k 2 ) r 2
2 2 2 2 2
x  y  2 xh  2 yk  (h  k  r ) 0
2 2 2
If we put  h  g ,  k  f , c h  k  r
 2 2
The equation now becomes x  y  2 gx  2 fy  c 0
which is the general form of the equation of a circle with centre (-g,-f) radius
g2  f 2  c

Problem 7
Find the equation of the circle centre (1,0) and 3
Solution
h 1, k 0 and r 3
2 2 2
( x  1)  ( y  0) 3
2 2
x  2 x  1  y 9
2 2
x  y  2 x  8 0
Problem 8
2 2
Find the radius and the centre of the circle 2 x  2 y  x  3 y  1 0
Solution
Compare this with equation of a circle.
2 x 2  2 y 2  x  3 y  1 0
x 3
Divide through by 2
1
2 2
x  y   y  0
2 2 2
1 3
2 g  , 2 f 
2 2
1 3
 g  ,  f 
4 4
1
c
2
 1 3
  4 of
Hence the co-ordinates , the
4  centre are
 Radius r  g 2  f 2  c
2 2
 1  3 1
     
 4  4 2
2

4
Problem 9
Find the radius and the coordinates of the centre of the circle x 2  y 2  4 x  12 y  4 0
Solution
2 g  4, 2 f  12
g  2, f  6
 g 2,  f 6
c 4
Radius r  g 2  f 2  c
  2  6   4
2 2

 4  36  4
 36
6
Centre  g , f 
2,6 
Radius 6
QUESTIONS
2 2
4 x  4 y  12 x  8 y  9 0
2 g  3, 2 f  2
3
 g  ,  f 1
2
 3 
The coordinate of the centre of the circle are   ,2
 2 
Radius of a circle r 1
DIAMETER FORM
In the figure below A and B are point with coordinatex1 , y1 x 2 , y 2  at the extremities
of a diameter of a circle and P is any point x, y  on the circle.
Since AB is a diameter, the line AP and PB are perpendicular. If m1 and
.
m
.

are the slope of AP ad BP respectively, then m1 m2  1 ,

y  y1 y  y2
m1  m2 
x  x1 x  x2

 y  y1   y  y 2 
     1
 x  x1   x  x 2  Or ( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )  ( y  y1 )( y  y 2 ) 0

which the equation of the circle whose diameter is the joining of the points
( x1 , y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 )
 TANGENT TO A CIRCLE AT A GIVEN POINT
Suppose we require the equation of the tangent at the point ( x1 , y1 )
to the circle x 2  x 2  2 gx  2 fy  c 0
Differentiating with respect to x, we have
dy dy
2x  2 y  2g  2 f 0
dx dx
So that the gradient of the circle at the point ( x1 , y1 ) is given by;
dy x1  g

dx y1  f
The tangent is the line passing through the point ( x1 , y1 )
with slope equal to this gradient its equation is ;
( x1  g )
( y  y1 )  ( x  x1 )
( y1  f )
Which is written as 2 2
xx1  yy1  g ( x  x1 )  f ( y  y1 )  x1  y1
. Since the post lies on the circle ,
 CONIC SECTIONS
Definition: Conic section is the locus of a point that move in such a way that its
distance from a fixed point (Focus) in the plane bears a constant ratio
(eccentricity) to its distance from a fixed straight line (directrix).
The magnitude of eccentricity (e) determines the types of curve. Thus
(1) If e=1 , the conic is called a Parabola
(2) If 0<e<1, the conic is called a Ellipse
(3) If e>1, the conic is called a Hyperbola

THE PARABOLA
A parabola is the locus of a point which moves in such a way that its distance
from a fixed point (the focus) is equal to its distance from a fixed line (The
directrix) not passing through the focus.
 EQUATION OF A PARABOLA
To find the equation of parabola, when the coordinate of the focus and the equation of the directrix are given.

EQUATION OF A PARABOLA IN STANDARD FORM

Let ( x, y ) be the coordinates of the moving point P at any position, draw PM
perpendicular to ZK and PN perpendicular to AX. By definition;
PM=PS  ZA + AS = PS.

 a  x  ( x  a) 2  ( y  0) 2 or on simplification gives
y 2 4ax The required equation of the parabola is standard form.
 SOME PROPERTIES OF A PARABOLA
(i) The value of the constant “a” determine the position of the curve. If a is
positive the curve is lies extremely to the right of OY and vice versa
2
(ii) The equation of the parabola in standard form is y 4ax
(iii) The equation of the tangent at the point ( x1 , y1 ) on the parabola y 2 4ax
is defined as yy1 2a ( x  x1 )
(iv) The equation of the normal at any point ( x1 , y1 )to the parabola is
 y1
y  y1  ( x  x1 )
2a
PARAMETRIC EQUATION OF A PARABOLA
Consider the point (at 2 ,2at ) which always lies on the parabola y 2 4ax, when
2
x at , y 2at                (1)
For all values t (1) are called the parametric equations of the parabola.
Problem 10
Find the point of intersection of the line 2 y x  6 and the parabola y 2 8axand
the equation of the tangent and normal to the parabola at this point of
intersection The equation of the tangent at (2,4) is
Solution The general equation of parabola is
2 y  x  6      (1)
2
y 2 8 x       (2)
from (1) x 2 y  6    (3)
yy1 2a ( x  x1 ) y 4ax
put (3) in (2)
4ax 8 x  a 2
Equation of the tangent now be (2,4)
2
y 16 y  48 4 y 4( x  2)
y 2  16 y  48 4 y  4 x 8
y ( y  4)  12( y  4) 0 y x  2
( y  12)( y  4) 0 Equation of the normal at (2,4)
 y1
y 12 or 4 y  y1  ( x  x1 )
2a
When y 12, x 24  6 18  4
y 4 ( x  2)
when y 4, x 8  6 2 2X 2
the po int of int er sec tion are (2,4), (18,12) y  4  x  2
y  x 6
 Problem 11 2
Find the equation of the tangents to the parabola y 4ax
at the point (3,12) and (48,-48).Show that these tangents are at right angles
and find their point of intersection.
Solution
Comparing
2
2
y 48 x and y 4ax
4ax 48 x
4a 48
48
a  12
4

At point (3,12), we have

The general equation of the tangent at point (3,12) is
 yy1 2a ( x  x1 )
12 y 24( x  3)
y 2 x  6     (1)
At the po int ( 48, 48)
y (  48) 24( x  48)
 x
y  24    ( 2)
2 1
From our equation 1 and 2, the slopes of the tangents are 2 and 
2
and the product of the two slopes is -1. Therefore the tangents are the right angles.
For the point of intersection, we equate equation
x
1 and 2 together .

2 x  6  y   24
2
4 x  12  x  48
4 x  x  48  12
5 x  60
x  12 and y  18
PROBLEMS

i. Find the equation of the tangents and the normal of the parabola y 2 4ax at the end of its

lactus rectum at (a,2a) and (a,-2a)

ii. Show that the line 3 y  6 x  2 0 touches the parabola 3 y 2 16 x and find the

coordinates of its point of contact.

iii. Find the equation of a parabola whose focus is (2,0) and directrix x=-2.
 ELLIPSE
Some properties of ellipse

x2 y2
The general equation of an ellipse is 2  2 1 where b 2 a 2 (1  e 2 )
a b

(i) The length of the lactus rectum of the ellipse is b 2 a 2 (1  e 2 )

x2 y2 xx1 yy1
(ii) The equation of the tangent at point ( x1 , y1 ) on the ellipse 2  2 1 is 2  2 1
a b a b
x  x1 y  y1
(iii) The equation of the normal at point ( x1 , y1 ) is 
x1 y1
a2 b2
Problem
2 2
Find the eccentricity and the distance between the foci of ellipse 3 x  4 y 12
Solution 2 2
x2 y2
x y
 12 compare this with (by dividing by 12 each)  1
4 3 4 3
2 2
a  4, a 2, b 3, b  3
The eccentricity e is given by.
b 2 a 2 (1  e 2 )
3 4(1  e 2 )
3 4  4e 2  4e 2 1
1 1
e2  , e  , e  1
4 2
The distance between the foci is
2ae 2
Find (i) the eccentricity (ii) the coordinate of the foci (iii) the equations of the
directrix of the ellipse x 2  y 2 1
25 16
x2 y2
Comparing the given equation 2  2 1 , we have a 5, b 4
a b
Substituting in b 2 a 2 (1  e 2 )  4 2 5 2 (1  e 2 )  4 2 5 2 (1  e 2 )
(i) The coordinates of the foci are (ae,0) i.e (5 ( 3 ), 0) 3,0
5

(ii) The equations of the directrices are (5 ( 3 ), 0) 3,0

5
a 3 25
(iii) The equations of the directrices are x  i .e x 5 /( ) 
e 5 3
(iv) Find (i) the eccentricity, (ii) the coordinate of the foci, (iii) the equations of each of the

x2 y2 4x 2 4 y 2
ellipse (a)  1 (b)  1 (c) 2 x 2  y 2 2
100 64 25 9
 HYPERBOLA
A hyperbola is the locus of a point P, moving in a plane such that its distances from
two fixed points called foci have a constant difference.
Equation of hyperbola
2 2
x y
2
 2 1
a b
Equation of tangent at the point
x2 y2 xx1 yy1
 2 1 at the point x1 , y1  is 2
 2 1
a2
b a b

Equation of the normal at the point x1 , y1 to the hyperbola

a 2 xy1  b 2 x1 y (a 2  b 2 ) x1 y1
Problem
Find the vertices and foci of the hyperbola 25 x 2  16 y 2 400
Solution
25 x 2  16 y 2 400 in the canonical
x2 y2
 1
16 25
x2 y2 x2 y2
Comparing  1 with 2  2 1
16 25 a b
a 2 16; a 4
b 2 25; b 5
Hence, the vertices are V1 4,0 and V2 (  4,0)

b 2 c 2  a 2
c 2 b 2  a 2
Also, 25  16 41
C  41
Hence the foci are F1  
41,0 and F2 (  41, 0)
SPECIAL ANGLES
30 0 ,45 0 ,60 0

x 2 1  1 2
x 2

1
Sin 45 
2
1
Cos 45 
2
Tan 45 1
 3
Sin 60 0 
2
1
Cos 60 0 
2
0
Tan 60  3

1
Sin 30 0 
2
3
Cos 30 0 
2
1
Tan 30 0 
3

Sin 0 Tan 0 0
Cos 0 1
Sin 90 0 1
Cos90 0 0
Tan 90 0 
Example III

Cos 210 0 Cos150 0  Sin 210 0 Sin150 0 1

Solution
Cos(180 0  30 0 ) x Cos(180 0  30 0 )  Sin (180  30 0 ) xSin (180 0  30 0 )
[ Cos30 0 x  Cos30 0 ]  [ Sin 30 0 xSin 30 0 ]
Show that
Cos 2 30 0  Sin 2 30 0
 30 0
from Sin 2  Cos 2 1
then Cos 2 30 0  Sin 2 30 0 1
Example IV

3 12  
SinA  , SinB  , Where A  [0. ] and B  [ ,  ]Find :
5 13 2 2
(i )Cos A (ii )CosB (iii )TanA ( Iv )Tan B
From Sin 2 A  Cos 2 A, Gives
Cos 2 A 1  Sin 2 A
CosA  1  Sin 2 A
By Substituti ng the value of A
 3
CosA  1  Sin 2  
 5
2
 3
 1   
 5
16 4
CosA  
25 5
If

Since A  [0, ], CosA is positive
2
4
Hence CosA 
5
 2
2  12  25 5
(ii ) CosB  1  Sin A  1     
 13  169 13
 
Since B   ,   ,
2 
5
Cos B is negative hence, CosB 
13

SinA 3 4 3
(iii ) TanA    
CosA 5 5 4

SinB 12 13  12
(iv ) TanB   X 
CosB 13  5 5
Example v

12
If Tan A  , where A is an acute angle,
5
Cos A
evaluate
Sin A  CosA
Solution
Divide all terms by CosA
CosA
CosA 1 1 1 5
   
SinA CosA TanA  1  12  17 17
   1
CosA CosA  5  5

TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

2 tan 15 0 0 0 0
(1) If 2 0
Sin 30 , Pr ove that tan 15  2  3 ( h int put tan 15  x and other resulting equation in x)
1  tan 15
5
(2) If Tan   and 180 0    270 0 Calculate Sin  and Cos
12
ADDITION FORMULAE
If A and B are angles of any magnitude, then
(i ) Cos( A  B ) CosACosB  SinASinB
(ii ) Cos( A  B ) CosACosB  SinASinB
(iii ) Sin ( A  B ) SinACosB  CosASinB
(iv ) Sin ( A  B ) SinACosB  CosASinB
TanA  TanB
(v)Tan ( A  B ) 
1  TanATanB
TanA  TanB
(vi )Tan ( A  B ) 
1  TanATanB

Sin ( A  B)
from (v)Tan ( A  B ) 
Cos( A  B)
SinACosB  CosASinB

CosACosB  SinASinB
Divide both numerator and deno min ator of R.H .S by CosACosB
SinACosB CosASinB

CosACosB CosACosB Tan ( A  B)
 
CosACosB SinASinB 1  TanATanB

CosACosB CosACosB
Sin ( A  B) TanA  TanB
Similarly , Tan ( A  B)  
Cos( A  B ) 1  TanATanB
(1) Evaluate without u sin g tables
(i ) Sin 45 0 (ii ) Cos75 0. Hence show that Tan 75 0 2  3

Solution
(i ) Sin 75 0  Sin (45 0  30 0 )
 Sin 45 0 Cos30 0  Cos 45 0 Sin 30 0
2 3 2 1
X  X
2 2 2 2
6 2
 
4 4
1
 (( 2 X 3 )  2 )
4
1
 2 ( 3  1)
4
(ii ) Cos75 0 Cos(45 0  30 0 )
Cos 45 0 Cos30 0  Sin 45 0 Sin 30 0
2 3 2 1
X  X
2 2 2 2
6 2
 
4 4
1
 ( 6  2)
4
2
 ( 3  1)
4
Solution
0 Sin 75 0
(iii ) Tan 75 
Cos75 0
2
( 3  1)
4
2
( 3  1)
4
2  3
 3 12
(2) If SinA  and Cos  , where A and B are both acute angles. Evaluate without u sin g tables
5 13
(i ) Sin ( A  B ) (ii ) CosA  B . both A and B are acute angles.
Solutions
Sin ( A  B )  SinACosB  SinBCosA
3 4
SinA   CosA 
5 5
12 5
CosB   SinB 
5 13
3 12 5 4
Sin ( A  B )  X  X
5 13 13 5
16

65
(ii ) CosA  B 
Solutions
Cos( A  B) CosACosB  SinASinB
4 12 3 5
Sin ( A  B)  X  X
5 13 5 13
33

65

(3) Show that CosA  B CosA  B  Cos 2 A  Sin 2 B

THE DOUBLE ANGLES IDENTITIES
As a consequences of the addition formula, we have the following identities, known as the double
angle identities.

(i ) Sin 2 A  Sin ( A  A)
 SinACosA  CosASinA
2 SinACosA

(ii ) Cos 2 A Cos( A  A)

CosACosA  SinASinA
Cos 2 A  Sin 2 A
andCos 2 A 1  Sin 2 A or Sin 2 A 1  Cos 2 A
1  Sin 2 A  Sin 2 A
1  2 Sin 2 A
Similarly , r Sin 2 A 1  Cos 2 A
Cos 2 A  Sin 2 A Cos 2 A  (1  Cos 2 A)
Cos 2 A  Cos 2 A  1
2Cos 2 A  1

(iii ) Tan 2 A Tan ( A  A)

TanA  TanA 2TanA
 
1  TanATanA 1  Tan 2 A
Similarly the same arrangement can be put for Sin 3 A, Cos3 A, Cos5 A, Tan 5 A
Cos3 A Cos(2 A  A)
Cos 2 ACosA  Sin 2 ASinA
(2Cos 2 A  1)CosA  (2 SinACosA) SinA
(2Cos 2 A  1)CosA  (2CosA) Sin 2 A
2Cos 3 A  CosA  (2CosA)(1  Cos 2 A)
2Cos 3 A  CosA  2CosA  2Cos 3 A
4Cos 3 A  3CosA
 3TanA  Tan 3 A
(1) Show that Tan 3 A 
1  3Tan 2 A
Cos 2  Cos3  Cos8
(2) Show that Tan 
Sin 2  Sin 3  Sin8
Sin 3
(3) Pr ove that  Sin 
1  2Cos 2
0 31
hence show, without u sin g tables that Sin15 
2 2
(4) If Cos  Cos a and Sin   Sin  b, Pr ove that :
a2  b2  2
(1) Cos(   ) 
2
The Half Angle Formulae
For any angle  , Sine  can be exp ressed as
  
Sin   Sin   
 2 2
   
2 Sin Cos 2 Sin Cos
 2 2  2 2
1  
Cos 2  Sin 2
2 2
 
2 Sin Cos
2 2

Cos 2
2
 2   
 Cos Sin 2
2  2 
  
 Cos 2 2  
Cos
 2 2 

2Tan
 2 , put t Tan 
 2
1  Tan 2
2
2t
 Sin  
1 t2
Also , we have,
     1 t
2
Cos Cos    2
 2 2  1 t

Sin  2t 1 t2
Tan    
Cos 1  t 2
1 t2
2t
Tan  
1 t2


These exp ressions of the trigonomet ric ratios in terms of t Tan are of particular impor tan ce.
2
Sin3 A  SinA
(i ) 2 2
2 SinA
Cos A  Sin A
(ii ) Cos7 A  Cos5 A  2CosACos2 A 4Cos 4 ACos2 ACosA
(iii ) Pr ove that Cos 20 0  Cos100 0  Cos140 0 0
Than you for listening