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Chapter 3

Chapter 3 covers Newton's Laws of Motion, detailing the concepts of force, mass, and the three laws: inertia, acceleration proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass, and action-reaction pairs. It distinguishes between mass and weight, discusses normal and frictional forces, and introduces tension forces. The chapter includes exercises to apply these principles in practical scenarios.

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3 views

Chapter 3

Chapter 3 covers Newton's Laws of Motion, detailing the concepts of force, mass, and the three laws: inertia, acceleration proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass, and action-reaction pairs. It distinguishes between mass and weight, discusses normal and frictional forces, and introduces tension forces. The chapter includes exercises to apply these principles in practical scenarios.

Uploaded by

maxamad76543
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Dynamics:
Newton’s Laws of Motion

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Contents of Chapter 3

• Force
• Newton’s First Law of Motion
• Mass
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Problems Involving Friction, Inclines

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


3-1 Force

A force is a push or pull. An


object at rest needs a force
to get it moving; a moving
object needs a force to
change its velocity.
The magnitude of a force can be measured using a spring
scale.

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


3-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion

Newton’s first law is often called the law of inertia.


The tendency of an object to resist any attempt to change
its velocity is called inertia.
Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform
velocity in a straight line, as long as no net force acts on it.

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


3-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion

Inertial reference frames:


• An inertial reference frame is one in which Newton’s
first law is valid.
• This excludes rotating and accelerating frames.

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


3-3 Mass

Mass is the measure of inertia of an object. In the SI


system, mass is measured in kilograms.
Mass is not weight:
• Mass is a property of an object. Weight is the force
exerted on that object by gravity.
• If you go to the moon, whose gravitational
acceleration is about 1/6 g, you will weigh much less.
Your mass, however, will be the same.

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


3-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Newton’s second law is the relation between acceleration


and force. Acceleration is proportional to force and
inversely proportional to mass.

(4-1)

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


3-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Force is a vector, so ΣF = ma is true along each


coordinate axis.
The unit of force in the SI
system is the newton (N).
Note that the pound is a unit
of force, not of mass, and
can therefore be equated to
newtons but not to kilograms.

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exercise

What force is needed to accelerate a sled (m = 55kg ) at


4.5 m/S on horizontal frictionless ice?
2

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Exercise

The cable supporting a 2125-kg elevator has a maximum


strength of 21,750 N. What maximum upward
acceleration can it give the elevator without breaking?

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


3-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Any time a force is exerted on an object, that force is


caused by another object.
Newton’s third law:
• Whenever one object exerts
a force on a second object,
the second exerts an equal
force in the opposite
direction on the first.

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


3-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

A key to the correct


application of the third
law is that the forces are
exerted on different
objects. Make sure you
don’t use them as if they
were acting on the same
object.

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


3-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Helpful notation: the first subscript is the object that the


force is being exerted on; the second is the source.
This need not be done indefinitely, but is a good idea
until you get used to dealing with these forces.

(4-2)

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


Example

• A force of 100N is horizontally applied on 5kg box.


Neglecting the friction force
a). What is the acceleration of the box?
b). If the box starts from a rest what is the final speed
after 6 seconds?
c). If the blocks continues with the same acceleration
how long will it take the block to reach the speed of
400m/s?
Summary of Chapter 3

• Newton’s first law: If the net force on an object is


zero, it will remain either at rest or moving in a
straight line at constant speed.
• Newton’s second law: it states “the acceleration of a
body is directly proportional to the force acting on it
and inversely proportional to its mass
• Newton’s third law: it states “to every action, there is
an equal and opposite reaction”. In other words,
“action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.


• Weight is the gravitational force on an object by
gravity. Close to the surface of the Earth.
• The force exerted perpendicular to a surface is called
the normal force.
• The frictional force can be written Ffr = μkFN (kinetic
friction) or Ffr ≤ μsFN (static friction)
• When a cord or rope pulls on an object, it is said to be
under tension, and the force it exerts is called a tension
force.

© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

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