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RS UNIT 3

The document discusses MTI (Moving Target Indication) and Pulse Doppler radar, highlighting their differences in handling Doppler frequency shifts and range measurements. MTI radar operates with ambiguous Doppler measurements but unambiguous range measurements, while Pulse Doppler radar does the opposite. The text also addresses limitations such as blind speeds and the use of multiple pulse repetition frequencies to enhance radar performance.

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16 views

RS UNIT 3

The document discusses MTI (Moving Target Indication) and Pulse Doppler radar, highlighting their differences in handling Doppler frequency shifts and range measurements. MTI radar operates with ambiguous Doppler measurements but unambiguous range measurements, while Pulse Doppler radar does the opposite. The text also addresses limitations such as blind speeds and the use of multiple pulse repetition frequencies to enhance radar performance.

Uploaded by

Rajitha Datla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 3

MTI AND PULSE DOPPLER RADAR


Introduction
1. The Doppler frequency shift [fd =2Vr / λ] produced by a moving target may be
used in a pulse radar just as in the CW radar, to determine the relative velocity
of a target or to separate desired moving targets from undesired stationary
objects (clutter).
2. Although there are applications of pulse radar where a determination of the
target's relative velocity is made from the Doppler frequency shift, the use of
Doppler to separate small moving targets in the presence of large clutter has
been of greater interest.

Such a pulse radar that utilizes the Doppler frequency


shift as a means of discriminating moving targets from fixed targets is called a
MTI(moving target indication) or a pulse Doppler radar.
Differences between MTI and Pulse Doppler radar

1. The MTI radar usually operates with ambiguous Doppler measurement (so-
called blind speeds) but with unambiguous range measurement (no
second-time around echoes).

2. A pulse Doppler radar operates with ambiguous range measurement but


with unambiguous Doppler measurement. Its pulse repetition frequency is
usually high enough to operate with unambiguous Doppler (no Blind
speeds) but at the expense of range ambiguities.
In principle, the CW radar may be converted into a pulse radar by providing a power amplifier
and a modulator to turn the amplifier on and off for the purpose of generating pulses
If the CW oscillator voltage is represented as
A1sin 2πftt
where A1 = amplitude and ft the carrier frequency
Then the reference signal is:
Vref =A2sin 2πftt
And the Doppler-shifted echo-signal voltage is

The reference signal and the target echo signal are heterodyned in the mixer
stage of the receiver. Only the low-frequency (difference-frequency)
component from the mixer is of interest and is a voltage given by:
MTI Radar with Power Amplifier Transmitter
MTI radar with power-oscillator transmitter
Drawback of Butterfly Effect

Although the butterfly effect is suitable for


recognizing moving targets on an A-scope, it is not
appropriate for display on the PPI. One method commonly
employed to extract Doppler information in a form
suitable for display on the PPI scope is with a delay-line
canceller.
Delay-line Canceller

Before bipolar video can intensity-modulate a PPI display it is


converted into unipotential voltages (unipolar video) by a full-wave rectifier.
Filter Characteristics of the Delay Line Canceller
The video signal received from a particular target at a range R0 is
V1= k sin(2πfdt–Ø0)
Where Ø0 = phase shift
k = amplitude of video signal.
The signal from the previous transmission, which is delayed by a time
T = pulse repetition interval
V2= k sin [2πfd (t – T)–Ø0)
Everything else is assumed to remain essentially constant over the
interval T so that k is the same for both pulses.
The output from the subtractor is
V = V1- V2=2k sin πfdT cos [2 πfd( t –T/2)–Øo]
Blind speeds

The response of the single-delay-line canceller will be zero whenever the


argument (πfdT) in the amplitude factor of Eq. (6) is 0, π, 2π, . .., etc., or when

where n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
fp= pulse repetition frequency.
The delay-line canceller not only eliminates the d-c component caused by clutter
(n = 0),but unfortunately it also rejects any moving target whose Doppler
frequency happens to be the same as the prf or a multiple thereof. Those relative
target velocities which result in zero MTI response are called blind speeds and
are given by
Limitations of Pulse MTI Radar
1. The blind speeds are one of the limitations of pulse MTI radar which do not occur
with CW radar. They are present in pulse radar because Doppler is measured by
discrete samples (pulses) at the prf rather than continuously.
2. If the first blind speed is to be greater than the maximum radial velocity expected
from the target, the product, λfP must be large.
3. Thus, the MTI radar must operate at long wavelengths (low frequencies) or with high
pulse repetition frequencies, or both.
4. Unfortunately, there are usually constraints other than blind speeds which determine
the wavelength and the pulse repetition frequency. Therefore, blind speeds are not
easy to avoid.
5. Low radar frequencies have the disadvantage that antenna beam widths, for a
given-size antenna, are wider than at the higher frequencies and would not be
satisfactory in applications where angular accuracy or angular resolution is
important.
6. The pulse repetition frequency cannot always be varied over wide limits since it is
primarily determined by the unambiguous range requirement.
Double-delay-line canceller & Three-pulse canceller
Relative frequency response of the single-delay-line canceller (solid curve) and
the double delay-line canceller (dashed curve). Shaded area represents clutter spectrum.
Multiple or staggered Pulse Repetition Frequencies

1. The use of more than one pulse repetition frequency offers additional flexibility
in the design of MTI Doppler filters.
2. It not only reduces the effect of the blind speeds, but it also allows a sharper low-
frequency cutoff in the frequency response than might be obtained with a
cascade of single-delay- line cancellers with sinnπfdT response.
3. The blind speeds of two independent radars operating at the same frequency
will be different if their pulse repetition frequencies are different.
4. Therefore, if one radar were “blind "to moving targets, it is unlikely that the
other radar would be” blind" also. Instead of using two separate radars, the
same result can be obtained with one radar which time-shares its pulse
repetition frequency between two or more different values (multiple PRF’s).
5. The pulse repetition frequency might be switched every other scan or
every time the antenna is scanned a half beam width, or the period might
be alternated on every other pulse. When the switching is pulse to pulse, it
is known as a staggered PRF.
MTI radar using range gates and filters
MTI improvement factor:
The signal-to-clutter ratio at the output of the MTI system
divided by the signal-to-clutter ratio at the input, averaged uniformly over all
target radial velocities of interest.
Sub clutter visibility:
The ratio by which the target echo power may be weaker
than the coincident clutter echo power and still be detected with specified
detection and false alarm probabilities.
Clutter visibility factor:
The signal-to-clutter ratio, after cancellation or Doppler
filtering that provides stated probabilities of detection and false alarm.
The improvement factor (I):
It is equal to the sub clutter visibility (SCV) times the clutter
visibility factor (VOC). In decibels,
I(dB) = SCV(dB) + Voc(dB).
When the MTI is limited by noise like system instabilities, the clutter visibility
factor should be chosen as is the signal to noise ratio as defined in Radar
Equation.
Limitations
 Equipment instabilities
 Internal fluctuation of clutter
 Antenna scanning modulation
 scanning fluctuations or scanning modulation
Pulse Doppler Radar Vs MTI

1. MTI usually refers to a Radar in which the pulse repetition


frequency is chosen low enough to avoid ambiguities in range
(no multiple-time-around echoes) but with the consequence
that the frequency measurement is ambiguous and results
in blind speeds.
2. The pulse Doppler radar, on the other hand, has a high pulse
repetition frequency that avoids blind speeds, but it experiences
ambiguities in range.

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