Construction Concrete Part 1

Materials

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Week 1: Lesson 1: Concrete Part 1
Week 2: Lesson 2: Concrete Part 2
Week 3: Lesson 3: Concrete Part 3
Week 4: Lesson 4: Timber Part 1
Week 5: Lesson 5: Timber Part 2
Week 6: Lesson 6: Structural Steel Part 1
Week 7: Lesson 7: Structural Steel Part 2
Week 8: Lesson 8: Bituminous Materials Part 1
Week 12: Lesson 9: Bituminous Materials Part 2
Week 13: Lesson 10: Brickwork and Blockwork Part 1
Week 14: Lesson 11: Brickwork and Blockwork Part 2
Week 15: Lesson 12: Polymers Part 1
Week 16: Lesson 13: Polymers Part 2
Week 17: Lesson 14: Green Materials
Week 7: Common test (8 to 14 June 15’)
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Assessment

Class
participation 10%

Common 30%

Lab session 20%

Exam 40%

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Lesson 1:

Introduction to Concrete Part 1

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1. Introduction to concrete
Consists of three main materials:
a)Cement (Ordinary Portland Cement or OPC)
b)Water
c)Aggregates (coarse & fine)

Additional materials to be added, known as

admixture is added to change the
characteristics of the concrete composition.

Concrete is used in building or facilities erection, bridges and

roads. Essentially, cement is the most important constituent being
the one that gives strength to the concrete.

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1. Introduction to concrete

Cement is in the form of dry powder and when it mixes with water,
chemical reaction (hydration) takes place which hardens to form
solid mass, gain strength and provide bonding properties.

Cement requires water for

hydration and insufficient or
access of water will adversely
affect the strength of the
structure. The basic raw
materials use in the cement
manufacturing are:-

a)Calcium carbonate (limestone)

b)Silica
c)Alumina
d)Iron oxide
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1. Introduction to concrete

Chemical Composition
Compound Abbreviation Typical % as in Cement

Tricalcium silicate C 3S 49

Dicalcium silicate C 2S 25

Tricalcium Aluminate C 3A 12

Tetra-calcium silicate C4AF 8

Gypsum added CaSO4 3

Other elements 3
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 Chemical Composition
Abbreviation for chemical Characteristics
compound
C 3S Hydrates rapidly – contribute to early
strength for first 14 days
C 2S Hydrates slowly – contribute to
development of strength after 7 days. High
C2S results in greater resistance to
chemical attack
C 3A Hydrates very rapidly and dry within
minutes when mix with water called flash
set. High in C3A will susceptible to sulphate
attack
C4AF Responsible for the for the grey colour of
the cement
CaSO4
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1.3.3 Properties of Portland Cement

a) Fineness
b) Soundness
c) Setting time
d) Strength
e) Heat of hydration
f) Loss of ignition

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1.3.3 Properties of Portland Cement

Properties of Cement
a)Fineness

Fineness affect the rate of hydration. Greater fineness

increase the surface area available for hydration
which causes higher early strength and more rapid
generation of heat.

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1.3.3 Properties of Portland Cement
b) Soundness

Refers to the ability of hardened cement paste to

retain its volume after setting

c) Setting time – defined as the time since adding

water to cement to hardness and measured using
Vicat apparatus.

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1.3.3 Properties of Portland Cement

Properties of Cement
c) Setting time

Refers to the commencement of the drying and

hardening of concrete where heat will be generated as
well as strength development.

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1.3.3 Properties of Portland Cement

Properties of Cement
d)Strength

They are several form of strength such as direct

compression, direct tension, and flexure. Compressive
strength of cement is influenced by the cement type and
fineness of cement.

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1.3.3 Properties of Portland Cement

e) Heat of hydration

The amount of heat generated is dependent on type of

cement, fineness (particle size) and temperature of
curing.

+ =

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1.3.3 Properties of Portland Cement

Properties of Cement
f)Loss of ignition

This happens when cement bags or bulk began to be

defective due to prolonged and improper storage

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1.4 Type of Cement
Portland Types Code
Cement
Portland BS 12:1991,
cement SS 26:1984
Sulfate BS 4027:1991
resisting
Extra rapid
hardening
Ultra rapid
hardening
Low Heat BS 1370:1979
White and BS 12:1991
colored
Waterproof
and water
repellant
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Air entraining
 1.4 Type of Cement
No Portland Cement Extra rapid hardening Ultra rapid hardening
Code
1 Medium rate of Early hydration Rapid setting and hardening
hardening
2 Normal dosage High C3S Increased in C3S
Low-heat Portland Sulfate-resisting White cement
Cement portland cement
1 Suitable for large Low content of C3A Uses white clay and
structure limestone as raw materials
2 Greater resistance Suitable for structure Higher cost and need high
to chemical attack submerged or built temperature for burning
under ground
Colored cement Waterproof and water Air-entraining concrete
repellant cement
1 Added pigments Impermeable and fully Entraps air and resistance to
compacted and frost (cold)
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1.5 Testing of Portland Cement

a) Fineness – Blaine Air Permeability

b) Setting Time – Vicat Apparatus
c) Consistency – Vicat Apparatus
d) Soundness – Le Chatelier Apparatus

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1.6 Cement storage and preparation

a) Storage in shed
b) Storage in the open
c) Storage of bulk cement

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1.6 Cement storage and preparation

a) Storage in shed
- Quality satisfactory up to 3 weeks
- Separation needed for different grade
- Stacking not more than 10 numbers
- Close staking to reduce air space in between bags
- To separate different batch of delivery for usage
- To cover with plastic sheet for extra protection
- Stack on timber base

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1.6 Cement storage and preparation

b) Storage in the open

- Quality satisfactory up to 1 week
- Not recommended except jobs that uses little
amount
- Stack on timber base
- To be covered with plastic sheets

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1.6 Cement storage and preparation

c) Storage of bulk cement

-Stored in silo
-Quality will deteriorate after 3 months
-Silos to be service once/3 months

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1.7 Aggregates

1.7.1 Source
-Constituted 60%-80% of concrete and called filler
material
-Improved stability and durability of concrete

Derived from two main groups:-

a)Natural (rocks and sand)
b)Synthetic (man-made)

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1.7 Aggregates

1.7.2 Classification of aggregates

-Heavy weight aggregate
-Normal aggregate
-Lightweight aggregate

Aggregate
Heavy Normal Lightweight

Density (kg/m3) 4000 – 8500 2300 - 2500 350- 850 (coarse)

750 – 1100 (fine)

Properties Crushed quarry rock Artificial

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1.7 Aggregates

1.7.3 Physical properties of aggregates

-Compressive strength 70 to 350N/mm2
-Strength assessed from compressive strength tests
on cylindrical specimens
-Aggregate porosity on water porosity and
absorption

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1.7 Aggregates

1.7.4 Grading of aggregates

-Size varies from 0.15mm to 37.5mm
 Fine aggregate (smaller than 5mm)
 Coarse aggregate (larger than 5mm)
 All-in aggregate (all mix of sizes)

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1.7 Aggregates

1.7.5 Functions of aggregate

-Reduces costs
-Reduce drying shrinkage because aggregate does
not shrink and hence, will reduce the shrinkage of
concrete
-Used to modify the properties of concrete
 Increase or decrease the density
 Increase durability
 Chemical resistance
 Increase fire resistance
 Change the colour and/or texture

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1.7 Aggregates

1.7.6 Inspection of aggregates (stone and sand)

-Free from silt and clay

-Process to check the cleanliness is to rub a little
sand between palms to check for stain (light brown
stain)
-If present, a sample need to be sent to lab to check
for its content prior to work commence.
-Excessive silt and clay will compromise the
strength of concrete

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1.7 Aggregates

1.7.7 Testing of Aggregate

a)Measuring the moisture content of aggregates
b)Silt test for sand
c)Grading

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1.7 Aggregates

a) Measuring the moisture content of aggregates

-Need to check for the water/moisture content in
aggregates before mixing with cement and water to
obtain concrete.
-Any excessive of moisture in aggregates will cause
the concrete have additional water which will
weakened the concrete batch

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1.7 Aggregates

b) Silt test for sand

-If the visual hand test suggests that the batch need
further test due to stain on hand, a field test is
needed to determine the volume of silt and clay

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1.7 Aggregates

c) Grading
-Dry sample is sieve through a series of sieve to
determine the particle sizes.

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1.7 Aggregates

1.7.8 Storage and handling of Aggregates

a)To wash the bottom layer of the pit storage before

a new batch to be stored
b)Do not drop from height for larger aggregate such
as 40mm
c)Avoid contamination from leaves, grass, rubbish
and construction debris
d)Separate the different size of aggregate by storing
them in between bays
e)To cover aggregates with plastic sheets
(polythene)
f)Silt to be washed away from the sand pit prior to
mixing with cement and water 33
1.7 Aggregates

1.7.8 Storage and handling of Aggregates

a)To wash the bottom layer of the pit storage before

a new batch to be stored
b)Do not drop from height for larger aggregate such
as 40mm
c)Avoid contamination from leaves, grass, rubbish
and construction debris
d)Separate the different size of aggregate by storing
them in between bays
e)To cover aggregates with plastic sheets
(polythene)
f)Silt to be washed away from the sand pit prior to
mixing with cement and water 34
1.7 Aggregates

Aggregate stockpile Aggregate bin storage

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REFERANCE

BCA Academy text book – Construction Materials

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