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Fragments, Comma Splice, Fused Sentences & Parallelism

The document provides an overview of common sentence errors, including fragments, comma splices, fused sentences, and faulty parallelism. It explains each error type with definitions, examples, and methods for correction. The session is conducted by instructor Zahra Bilal at Nicon Group of Colleges.

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Zahra Khan Shirani
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15 views

Fragments, Comma Splice, Fused Sentences & Parallelism

The document provides an overview of common sentence errors, including fragments, comma splices, fused sentences, and faulty parallelism. It explains each error type with definitions, examples, and methods for correction. The session is conducted by instructor Zahra Bilal at Nicon Group of Colleges.

Uploaded by

Zahra Khan Shirani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fragments, Comma Splice,

Fused Sentences &


Parallelism
Session: 02
RLA

Instructor: Zahra Bilal

Nicon Group of Colleges

1
Sentence Error Categories
Fused/ Run-on Sentences.
Faulty Parallelism.
Fragments.
Wordiness.

2
Fragments
Fragments are “incomplete” sentences.
They have a subject and a verb but no
complete thought.
Fragments look like sentences; sometimes
they are even punctuated like sentences.

3
Examples of fragments
When the party started.
As soon as they get here.
Whenever the traffic gets heavy.
To find a job in another city.
Over the hill and around the corner.
Because Sara is feeling ill.

4
How to fix fragments: add a
complete thought
 When the party started.  When the party started,
 As soon as they get here. everybody was eating
 Whenever the traffic gets  As soon as they get here,
heavy. we will go out to play.
 To find a job in another  Whenever the traffic gets
city. heavy, I get frustrated.
 Over the hill and around  To find a job in another
the corner. city is very difficult.
 Because Sandra is feeling  Her house is over the hill
ill. and around the corner.
 Because Sara is feeling
ill, she won’t be able to
play in the game tonight.

5
Comma splices
A comma splice is a comma that joins two
independent clauses.
Many students seem to think that a comma
splice is a misplaced comma.
A comma has many jobs; however, one job
that the comma is NOT responsible for is to
combine two independent clauses.

6
Examples of comma splices
Sara wanted to go See how the comma
to Lahore, Amna joins
wanted to go to two independent
Islamabad. clauses
Ali is the chair of in these examples?
the English These
department, he is are comma
the person to ask if catastrophes.
you have any
questions.
Don’t do this.

7
How to fix those comma
splices
Since you have a comma joining two independent
clauses, you can do the following things:
Add a coordinating conjunction after the
comma.
Add a subordinating conjunction in the
beginning of the first independent clause.
Take away the comma and replace it with a
period.
Take away the comma and replace it with a
semicolon.
Take away the comma and replace it with a
subordinating conjunction.

8
Fused sentences (otherwise
known as run-on sentences)
• If you join TWO independent clauses with
NO punctuation mark or connecting idea,
you have created a fused/run-on sentence.
• Fused/run-on sentences cause great
confusion to your readers.
• This error generally occurs when the writer
tries to cram too many ideas into one
sentence.
• Organize your thoughts so that this error
does not happen!

9
Examples of fused/run-on
sentences
Ali didn’t feel like Notice how these
coming to work he sentences have two
called Romi ideas
pretending to be crammed into one?
sick.
Victoria and
While having many
ideas
Elizabeth teach
English 101 they in one sentence is
read hundreds of great, it
papers a semester. is NOT great to
combine
sentences this way.

10
How to fix fused/run-on
sentences
Add a period between the two independent
clauses.
Add a semi-colon between the two
independent clauses.
Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction
between the two independent clauses.
Add a subordinating conjunction between the
two independent clauses.
Add a subordinating conjunction in the
beginning of the sentence, and add a comma
between the two independent clauses.

11
Faulty Parallelism
 Structural coordination required.

EXAMPLE 1

• He was running and sang.


• He was running and singing.

Example 2

 She put the books on the shelf and the box.


 She put the books on the shelf and in the box.

12
Faulty Parallelism
 3 Categories within faulty parallelism:
1. Word Category
N–N
V–V
Adj – Adj
Adv – Adv
Ing – Ing
To – To

2. Tense Marking
 I was studying and will write.
 She ate the cake and smiles.
 (in the above sentences, tense is different, fix the sentence by
changing tense).

13
Faulty Parallelism
 3 Categories within faulty parallelism:

3. Prepositions
In, on, at

 She forgot her keys at home and lounge.

Note: Two locations mentioned, “home” and “lounge”. One


preposition “at” has been used with one location “home” but
not with the other one named “lounge”. Use preposition with
both

14

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