Network Devices
Network Devices
One
Network
Devices
Network Devices
Computer networking devices are units that mediate data in a
computer network and are also called network equipment.
Units that are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts
or data terminal equipment.
Network Models It was developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO).
It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
CON’T
It is a model for a computer protocol architecture and as a
framework for developing protocol standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
Advantages
Why layered communication?
What are the layers?
What does data encapsulation and decapsulation?
What are common protocols in each layer?
Repeaters
Attenuation
Repeaters
Work against attenuation by repeating signals that they
receive on a network
Typically cleaning and regenerating the digital transmission in
the process. 5
6
CON’T
7
8
Hub
Generic connection device used to tie several networking
cables together to create a link between different stations on
a network.
The basic function of a hub is to take data from one of the
connected devices and forward it to all the other ports on the
hub.
That use twisted-pair cabling to connect devices.
A hub generally has a port designated as an uplink port that
enables the hub to be connected to another hub to create
larger networks.
6
Active hubs
Amplify or repeat signals that pass through them.
Regenerate a signal before forwarding it to all the ports
on the device and requires a power supply.
frames
They “learn” which addresses are on which segments
The bridge uses the source MAC addresses
to determine which addresses are on which segments
By determining a frame’s origin, the bridge knows where to
19
Source-routing bridges
Rely on the source of the frame transmission to provide the
routing information
The source computer determines the best path by sending
out explorer frames
21
Advantages and disadvantages of bridges
Advantages
Can extend a network by acting as a repeater
22
Disadvantages
Slower than repeaters and hubs
Extra processing by viewing MAC addresses
Forward broadcast frames indiscriminately, so they do not
filter broadcast traffic
More expensive than repeaters and hubs
Broadcast storm
When two or more stations engage in the transmission of
excessive broadcast traffic
23
Switches
Switches are the connectivity points of an Ethernet network.
Devices connect to switches via twisted-pair cabling, one cable for
each device.
Whereas a hub forwards the data it receives to all of the ports on
the device, a switch forwards it only to the port that connects to
the destination device.
A switch must be able to read the MAC address of each frame it
receives.
This information allows switches to repeat incoming data frames
only to the computer or computers to which a frame is addressed.
24
CON’T
It does this by learning the MAC address of the devices attached
to it.
28
29
Advantages and disadvantages of switches
Advantages
Switches increase available network bandwidth
Switches reduce the workload on individual computers
Switches increase network performance
Networks that include switches experience fewer frame
collisions because switches create collision domains for each
connection (a process called micro segmentation)
Switches connect directly to workstations
30
Disadvantages
Switches are significantly more expensive than bridges
Network connectivity problems can be difficult to
trace through a switch
Broadcast traffic may be troublesome
31
Routers
Operate at the Network layer of the OSI model
Internetworks
Operates at both the Data Link and Network layers and can
replace separate bridges and routers.
35
NICs (Network Interface Card)
NIC is a hardware card installed in a computer so it can
communicate on a network.
The network adapter provides one or more ports for the network
cable to connect to.
Every networked computer must also have a network adapter
driver, which controls the network adapter.
Each network adapter driver is configured to run with a certain
type of network adapter.
36
MODEM
A modem, short for modulator/demodulator.
Is a device that converts the digital signals generated by a
computer into analog signals that can travel over conventional
phone lines.
Because standard telephone lines use analog signals, and
computers digital signals,
A sending modem must modulate its digital signals into analog
signals. The computers modem on the receiving end must then
demodulate the analog signals into digital signals
37
A Channel Service Unit/
Digital Service Unit (CSU/DSU)
40
Firewalls
41
CON’T
Hardware firewalls are used in networks of all sizes today.
Hardware firewalls are readily available and often combined
with other devices today.
For example, many broadband routers and wireless access
points have firewall functionality built in.
42