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The document discusses the concept of levers, their types, and their application in the human body, particularly in physiotherapy. It explains how levers work, the mechanical advantage they provide, and the importance of angles of pull for muscle efficiency. Additionally, it covers the role of pulleys and anatomical pulleys in altering force direction and enhancing movement efficiency.

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16 views

Work

The document discusses the concept of levers, their types, and their application in the human body, particularly in physiotherapy. It explains how levers work, the mechanical advantage they provide, and the importance of angles of pull for muscle efficiency. Additionally, it covers the role of pulleys and anatomical pulleys in altering force direction and enhancing movement efficiency.

Uploaded by

Not Laff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WORK

Objective
• Lever
• Types of lever
• Lever in human body.
• Reference.
• “ It is a rigid bar which is able to
move to a fix point which is
called as fulcrum (F).”

• Work is done when a force or


effort (E) applied at one point
on the lever, acts upon another
force or weight (W) acting at a
second point on the lever.
• Distance between fulcrum to the effort is
called as efforts arm.
• And distance between fulcrum to the weight
is called as weights arm.

• In the body,
Fulcrum : joint
Effort : force of muscle contraction, applied at
the point of insertion to the bone
Weight : either centre of gravity or object.
•
1st order lever
• The fulcrum is between of lever.

EX: SCISSORS,
CLOW HAMMER
2 nd
order lever
• Load is between fulcrum and effort.

EX: WHEEL BARROW ,


NUTCRACKER ETC.
WHEEL BARROW
3rd order lever
• Effort is between fulcrum and load.

EX: CHOP STICKS,


CRICKET BAT.
Mechanical advantage
• Mechanical Advantage:
• “When the length of effort arm is more than weight arm, less effort
will be required to achieve a similar result and an advantage will be
gained by the use of the lever.”

• M.A. = W/E.
Lever in physiotherapy
• The knowledge of principle is necessary for the understanding of
method of progression in the training of the muscle power.

• As the strength of the muscle increases, the resistance and weight which
is to be overcome must also increased until such time as no further
progression is possible.

• Increasing the leverage is concern with the situation of point of


application of given point
• For example: abduction of arm at the shoulder joint with the elbow
flexed reduces the leverage, and relatively weak muscles can perform
the movement, were as the elbow is straight the leverage is increases
and a more powerful contraction required.
ANGLE OF PULL:
• A force is most effective when it is applied to right angles to the
levers.
Mechanical efficiency of a muscle:
• A pull is most effective when a muscle is inserted right angle to the
bone.
• The efficiency decreases as the angle of pull is reduced, because some
forces is used in pulling and the bone of insertion towards joint
representing fulcrum.
• The mechanical efficiency of the muscle pull is also reduced when the
angle of insertion increased from right angle.

Efficiency of a resistance:
• The sustain pull of force offering resistance will also maximal when it
is applied at the right angel to a lever, and will decrease as the angle
of pull become acute.
• The effect of this resistance is maximal when it is applied to right
angles to moving bone.
Pulleys
• Pulley is a grooved wheel which rotates about a fixed axis by a rope
which passes round it. The axis is supported by a frame work or block.

Types of pulleys:
1. Fixed pulleys
2. Movable pulleys
1. Fixed pulleys: These are used to alter the direction of force. The
pulley block is fixed and the rope which passes round the wheel is
attached to the weight at one end and the effort is applied at the
other.
2. Movable pulleys: These are used to gain mechanical advantage
when lifting heavy weights. The upper pulley is fixed to an overhead
support, to which one end of rope is attached. The rope is then
wound round the movable pulley, to which the weight is attached,
and round the fixed pulley, the effort being applied at the free end.
Anatomical pulleys
• The fibres of a muscle or a muscle tendon wrap around a bone or are
deflected by a bony prominence.
• When the direction of pull of a muscle is altered, the bone or bony
prominence causing the deflection forms an anatomic pulley.
• Pulleys change the direction without changing the magnitude of the
applied force.
• The change in action line produced by an anatomic pulley (even
without affecting force) will have implications for the ability of the
muscle to produce torque.
Example for anatomical pulleys:
• The classic example of an anatomic pulley is that formed by the
patella.
• The quadriceps muscle belly lies parallel to the femur.
• The tendon of the muscle passes over the knee joint and attaches to
the leg (tibia) via the patellar tendon at the tibial tubercle.
• For knee joint extension, the joint axis is considered to be located
through the femoral condyles.
• The MA for the quadriceps muscle force (QLf) lies in space between
the vector and the joint axis.
• Without the patella, the line of pull of the quadriceps muscle on the
leg-foot segment would follow the patellar tendon at the tibial
tubercle and would lie parallel to the leg-foot segment.
• The patella lies between the quadriceps tendon and the femur,
changing the angle that the patellar tendon makes with the leg (tibia)
and changing the line of pull of the quadriceps muscle away from the
knee joint axis.
Anatomical wheel and axis
• Wheel and axis can enhance speed and range of motion.
• They function as a form of lever
• Mechanical advantage = radius of wheel/radius of axis
• Consider humerus as an axis and the forearm/hand as the
wheel.
• Rotator cuff muscles inward rotate the humerus a small
amount
• The hand will travel a large amount.
• A little effort to rotate the humerus result in significant amount of
movement at the end.
Reference :
• Exercise therapy by Dena gardinar. 4th edition

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