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Thermal Energy 1

The document discusses thermal energy, focusing on the concepts of temperature, heat, and specific heat capacity. It explains how temperature relates to the kinetic energy of particles, the flow of heat between objects, and the differences in specific heat among various materials. Additionally, it covers methods of heat transfer, including conduction, convection, and radiation, as well as latent heat during phase changes.

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mona safwat
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18 views26 pages

Thermal Energy 1

The document discusses thermal energy, focusing on the concepts of temperature, heat, and specific heat capacity. It explains how temperature relates to the kinetic energy of particles, the flow of heat between objects, and the differences in specific heat among various materials. Additionally, it covers methods of heat transfer, including conduction, convection, and radiation, as well as latent heat during phase changes.

Uploaded by

mona safwat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermal Energy

A. Temperature & Heat


1. Temperature is related to the
average kinetic energy of the
particles in a substance.
2. SI unit for temp. is the Kelvin
a. K = C + 273 (10C = 283K)
b. C = K – 273 (10K = -263C)
3. Internal Energy
– the total of all the
kinetic and
potential energy of
all the particles in a
substance.
4. Thermal energy
a. As temperature increases, so
does thermal energy (because the
kinetic energy of the particles
increased).
b. Even if the temperature
doesn’t change, the thermal
energy in a more massive
substance is higher (because it is
a total measure of energy).
5. Heat Cup gets cooler
while hand gets
a. The flow of warmer
thermal energy
from one object
to another.
b. Heat
always flows
from warmer to
cooler objects. Ice gets
warmer while
hand gets
6. Specific Heat
a. Some things heat up or cool
down faster than others.

Land heats up and cools down faster than


water
b. Specific heat is the amount of
heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of a material by
one degree (C or K).
1) C water = 4184 J / kg C
2) C sand = 664 J / kg C

This is why land heats up


quickly during the day and
cools quickly at night and why
water takes longer.
Why does water have
such a high specific heat?

water
metal
Water molecules form strong
bonds with each other; therefore it
takes more heat energy to break
them. Metals have weak bonds
and do not need as much energy
How to calculate changes
in thermal energy

Q = m x T x Cp
Q = change in thermal energy
m = mass of substance
T = change in temperature (Tf –
Ti )
Cp = specific heat of substance
c. A calorimeter is
used to help measure
the specific heat of a
substance.
First, mass and
Knowing itsof
temperature Q
value,
wateritsare
mass,
and its T, its Cp Thengives
This heatedthe
measured
T is measured
can be calculated sample is put
heat lost by
for water to help inside and
the substance
get its heat gain heat flows into
water
Convection
Heat transfer in fluids generally takes place via
convection. Convection currents are set up in the fluid
because the hotter part of the fluid is not as dense as
the cooler part, so there is an upward buoyant force on
the hotter fluid, making it rise while the cooler, denser,
fluid sinks. Birds and gliders make use of upward
convection currents to rise, and we also rely on
convection to remove ground-level pollution.

Conduction
When heat is transferred via conduction, the
substance itself does not flow; rather, heat is
transferred internally, by vibrations of atoms and
molecules. Electrons can also carry heat, which is
the reason metals are generally very good
conductors of heat. 10
Radiation
The third way to transfer
heat, in addition to
convection and conduction,
is by radiation, in which
energy is transferred in the
form of electromagnetic
waves.
More about electromagnetic
waves in a lot more detail in
a later chapter; an e-m wave
is basically an oscillating
electric and magnetic field
traveling through space at
the speed of light. 11
Specific heat capacity
The amount of energy that must be added to
raise the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one temperature unit.
• Units: J/kg K
• For Water: 4180 J/kg K
• For Aluminum: 897 J/kg K
• Which one heats faster?

12
This table is on page 318.

13
• Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
• Q = mCΔT =QmC (Tf –= Ti)
= mCΔT mC (Tf – Ti)

• Q, quantity of heat in joule


• m, mass of substance in kg
• c, specific heat for water in 4186 j/kg K
• t, temperature in Celsius

14
See table 12-1 on page 318
Find the amount of heat needed to change the
temperature of 5.0 g of liquid water from 8.0oC
to 100oC.
Q = mct = .005kg(4186 j/kgoC) (92oC) = 1.9 x
103 j

Again,
specific heat is the amount of
heat necessary to change one
kg of a substance 1 degree
Celsius or Kelvin. 15
• 12/3 When you turn on the hot water to wash
dishes, the water pipes have to heat up. How
much heat is absorbed by a copper water pipe
with a mass of 2.3 kg when its temperature is
raised from 20.0oC to 80.0oC?
• Q = mct
• Q = (2.3kg)(390J/kgoC)(60.0oC)
• Q = 53820 J or 5.4x104J

16
17
12/4b

18
Specific Heat Capacities
Which OR
one is J/kg
greatest o
C
that you
use
everyday?

19
Law of Heat Exchange
Q lost = Q gained

20
• 0.300 kg of coffee, at a temperature of 95 °C, is
poured into a room-temperature (20.oC) steel mug, of
mass 0.125 kg. Assuming no energy is lost to the
surroundings, what does the temperature of the mug
filled with coffee come to?
• Applying conservation of energy, the total change in
energy of the system must be zero. So, we can just
add up the individual energy changes (the Q's) and set
the sum equal to zero. The subscript c refers to the
coffee, and m to the mug.
•

21
Note that room temperature in Celsius is
about 20°. Re-arranging the equation to
solve for the final temperature gives:

22
23
The temperature of the coffee doesn't drop by
much because the specific heat of water (or
coffee) is so much larger than that of steel.
This is too hot to drink, but if you wait, heat will
be transferred to the surroundings and the
coffee will cool.

24
Latent Heat is energy transferred
• Latent Heat
during phase changes
• Crystalline materials change phase -- melt and freeze or vaporize and
condense -- at a single, fixed temperature.
Energy is required for a change of phase of a substance. The ratio of the
energy to the mass of the substance involved is called the latent heat of the
substance. This is much like the specific heat we have just discussed. It is
called latent heat because there is no change or difference in temperature.
•
Latent heat of fusion Hf describes the heat necessary to melt (or freeze) a
unit mass of a substance.
Q = m Hf
• Latent heat of vaporization Hv describes the heat necessary to vaporize
(or condense) a unit mass of a substance.
• Q = m Hv
•
25
Temperature vs Heat

26

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