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Lecture 01 Principles

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goodluckchristopher18
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You are on page 1/ 31

PRINCIPLES OF AC

NETWORKS.
CLASS: BENG 24EE

Eng. Alfred Njambilo


INTRODUCTION

Principles of ac networks is the subject which involves understanding


and the use of different circuit Laws and theorems in solving AC
Circuits/Networks.
Using circuit laws and theorems we can determine some parameters
in a circuit.
Example of these parameters are Voltage, current, resistance etc.
A circuit with different electrical components of some ratings affects
these parameters.
These complex and simple circuits needs a variety of principles
during measurements.
Some of the principles/techniques which are employed during AC
circuit analysis are:
Mesh analysis
Nodal analysis
Thevenin theorem
Norton theorem
Superposition principles
Source transformation
IMPORTANT TERMS

CIRCUIT
Is a complete/close loop path
through which an electric current
pass.
NETWORK

• Is the interconnection
of circuits where an
electrical current
pass.
• Its difference from a
normal circuit is, it
must not form a
complete path
AC NETWORK
• These are circuits with sinusoidal/alternating sources i.e voltage
and current sources alternate in time.
• They are sometimes called alternating circuits.
ALTERNATING
CURRENT

Is the type of current


where by electrons flow
in two directions,
forward and backwards.
DIRECT CURRECT

Is the type of current in


which electrons flow in a
single direction only.
Electrons movements
AC VOLTAGE GENERATION

AC voltage, as discussed early is the voltage generated where by


electrons movements in a circuit are in two directions.
In generation of AC voltage a permanent magnet is usually used
The type of materials for permanent magnets are Ferromagnetic
materials such as Iron, Nickel, Cobalt.
These materials retain their magnetic properties even after the
magnets are removed.
PERMANENT MAGNET

Is the type of magnet which does not loose its magnetism easily.
When hanged/suspended it position itself on North-South directions
North pole - Is the north seeking end
South pole - Is the south seeking end
MAGNETIC FIELDS

Is the area around the magnet


On this area the effect of magnetic forces produced by the magnet
can be detected.
It can also be observed when a charge is in motion
These magnetic field can not be seen, heard or smelt hence difficult
to represent.
Michael Faraday suggested that they can be represented pictorially
using lines of magnetic flux showing distribution and density of the
fields.
MAGNETIC FIELDS
MAGNETIC FLUX

Is the number of lines of forces ( amount of magnetic fields) produced


by a magnet.
Its denoted by Greek symbol phi, Փ
SI unit of magnetic flux is Weber, Wb
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

Magnetic flux density is the amount of flux passing through a defined


area that is perpendicular to the direction of the flux.

Magnetic flux density= magnetic flux/area


Magnetic Field intensity, H

Its also called magnetic field strength


Is the measure how magnetic field is.
It’s a ratio of the MMF per unit length
SI unit Amperes / meter
Generation of AC voltage

AC voltage is primary generated from generating station because its


easier and cheaper than DC voltage
Also AC voltage is more conveniently distributed than DC voltage as
ity can be altered to the values according to the requirements.
Operation of AC Generator

When a coil is made to rotate between the poles of magnets


producing magnetic fields, emf is induced in the coil (according to
Faraday Laws). The emf induced lead to the flow of electric current
where charges flow in two different direction (ac current).
AC voltage generation
AC voltage generation

The emf induced is maximum when the magnetic flux cuts the
conductor perpendicularly
Also the emf induced is the least where the magnetic lines of forces
are along the conductor,
WAVE FORMS

Is a plot showing values of quantities varying with time


Two types of waveforms are unidirectional wave forms where by the
quantities flow in only one direction, and Directional (alternating ) wave
forms in which the quantities flow in two directions i.e negative and
positive.
Directional waveforms Unidirectional waveforms
Sine wave form

Is the shape of waveform produced by an emf induced by an


alternator and thus the wave form of the mains electricity supply.
Consider:
TIME PERIOD, T
Is the time taken by an alternating quantity to complete one cycle
Its SI unit is seconds, s

FREQUENCY, f
Is the number of cycles completed in on second.
Its SI unit is Hertz, Hz
Eg Standart frequency in Tanzania, Great Britain is 50Hz
or

Example:
Determine the periodic time for the following frequencies
a) 50Hz b) 20Hz c) 60Hz
Example 02
Determine the frequencies for the periodic times
a) 6ms b) 10ns c) 1s

Example 03
An alternating current completes 8 cycles in 10 micro seconds, what is
its frequency?

Example 04
An alternating current completes 60 cycles in 2 milli seconds, what is its
frequency?
AC VALUES
INSTANTENOUS VALUES
These are values of alternating quantity at any instant of time
They are represented by : i, v, e etc.

MAXIMUM VALUE
Is the maximum point reached in a half cycle.
Its also called the amplitude or peak value of a waveform.
Its values are represented by Vm, Im etc

What is a peak to peak value?


MEAN/ AVERAGE VALUE
Is the average value measured over a half cycle.

Average value= Area under the curve / Length of the base

Its values are presented by Vav, Iav, etc.

For sine wave: Average value = 0.637 x Maximum value


EFFECTIVE (RMS) VALUE:

RMS value of an alternating current is that current which will


produce the same heating effect as an equivalent direct current.
Whenever alternating quantity is given then its assumed to be
RMS value example: Domestic main supply for Tanzania is 230V.
Symbols used for RMS are I, V, E etc.
For sine wave, RMS value = 0.707 x Maximum value

Form Factor = rms value / average value , FF= 1.1

Peak Factor = Maximum value / rms value , PF= 1,41

What are significances of foam and peak factor?

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