GE008

Science, Technology, and Society

MODULE 1
Historical Antecedents in
the Course of Science and
Technology
Ancient
Times FILIPINO M. SALAMAT
Instructor
Learning
Objectives
At the end of this lecture, students must be able to:

1. Trace the historical development of science and

technology in Ancient Times.

2. Demonstrate appreciation for the developments in

science and technology .
Outline of
Discussion

0 Overview of
Science and
0 Synopsis of
the Ancient

1 2
Technology Times

0 Sumerian
Civilization
0 Babylonian
Civilization

3 4
Outline of
Discussion

0 Egyptian
Civilization
0 Greek
Civilization

5 6

0 Roman
Civilization
0 Chinese
Civilization

7 8
 4 PICS
1
WOR
Directions: Identify the missing word by
relating it to
the 4 pictures flashed on your screen.

D
?
Chinese
?
Sumerian
?
Roman
?
Babylonian
?
Greek
?
Egyptian
0
1
Science,
Technology, and
Society
Science,
Technology,
and Society
Interaction between SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, and the SOCIAL,
CULTURAL, POLITICAL, and
ECONOMIC
contexts.
3 Main Topics
 Significant technological
developments that
shaped human civilizations.
 Role of Science and Technology in the
pursuit of the good life.
 Deals with the contemporary
issues and scientific realities.
0
2
Ancient
Times
Ancient Times
In ancient times, people were concerned with transportation,
communication, security, protection, conservation of life, engineering, and
architecture.

Transportatio Communicatio
n n
 People were trying  People needed
to go places and to
discover new communicate
horizons. with natives to
 People traveled facilitate trade
to search for and prevent
food and fi nd conflicts.
better locations
for their
settlement.
 Traveled to trade.
Ancient Times
In ancient times, people were concerned with transportation,
communication, security, protection, conservation of life, engineering, and
architecture.

Weapons and Medical Engineering and

Armors Architecture
 Conservation of  Integrate people’s
 Risk of conflict Life. needs.
 Security  Prevention of  Better
and illness. transportation,
protection  Restoration of establishment of
. health. structures for
protection.
 Status symbol
among nations
Purpose of
Technology
 To prolong life with
mass
production of food.
 Advancement in the
medical
field.
 To make complicated
and diffi cult tasks easier.
Achievements of
the Early
Civilizations
03
Sumerian

Civilizati
on
Sumerian
Civilization

Sumeria – located on the
southernmost
tip of ancient Mesopotamia.

 High degree of cooperation with

one another.

 Desire for great things.

 Sumerians have the desire to

develop several things related
to Science and Technology.
Cuneifor
 First writing system.
m It is a system that utilizes word pictures and
triangular
symbols.
 It is carved on clay using wedge instruments
and then left to dry.
 great
It allowed Sumerians to keep records of things
historical
with
value. Sailboa
ts
 Main mode
of
transportati
on through
waterways.
 To carry
Uruk
City
 First true city in the world.
 Built out of mud or clay from the
river, then
mixed with reeds producing sun-
baked
bricks.
 Sumerians used bricks to make houses
that
protected them from the weather.
 They used bricks to build a wall around
the city that prevented wild animals
and neighboring raiders from entering.
The Great Ziggurat
ofMountain
 Ur of God
 Constructed using the sun-baked bricks
 Sacred place of their chief God – a
place for
worship.
 Symbolizes as the link between God
and
humankind.
 Only their priests were allowed to enter.
Irrigation Dikes
 Most beneficial engineering works.
 It was created to bring water to
farmlands
and to control flooding of the rivers.
 Sumerians were able to do farming and
harvesting which results in increased
food production to meet the demands
of the increasing population.
Whe
 Invented for farm work and food
elprocesses.
 Mass production was made easier.
 Sumerian farmers were able to mill
with less eff ort in less
grains
time. Plow
 Invented for farm work and food
processes.
 Mass production was made easier.
 Sumerian farmers were able to mill
grains
Road with less eff ort in less time.
 To facilitate the faster flow of traffi c and easier
s travel.
 Used muds, reeds, bitumen to smoothen the
road.
04
Babyloni
an
Civilizati
on
Babylonian
Civilization
 Emerged near the Tigris and
Euphrates
Rivers.

 Babylonians were great

builders, engineers, and
architects.
Hanging Gardens of
Babylon
 Layers upon layers of gardens
that contained several species
of plants, trees, and vines.
 Built for the wife of King
Nebuchadnezzar, Queen
Amytis.
05
Egyptian
Civilizati
on
Egyptian
Civilization  Famous civilization located in
North Africa.
 Egyptians were known in
infrastructures
established by the pharaohs.
 Also contributed other practical
and
essential things.
Papyr
us
 Major accomplishment
record-
in Egyptian

keeping and communications.

 Papyrus – plant that grew abundantly
along the Nile River.
 Egyptians were able to process the
plant to produce thin sheets on which
one could write down things.
 Lighter, thinner, and more durable than
clay.
 Record-keeping.
Ink
 Egyptians invented ink by combining
soot with different chemicals to
produce inks of different colors.
 The ink must withstand the
elements of nature since it was
used to record history, culture, and
codified laws.
 Tamper-proof – people could not
simply tinker with those written
down by authorities.
Hieroglyph
ics
 Egyptians system of writing using
symbols.
 Egyptians believed that it was
provided by Gods.
 The language that tells the modern
world
of the history and culture of ancient
Egyptians.
 Carved at the walls of the pyramids.
Cosmeti
cs
 Invented for health and aesthetic
purposes.
 Kohl – wear around the eyes to
prevent and cure diseases.
 It was created by mixing soot or
malachite
with mineral galena.
 Protection from evil. Beauty is a
sign of holiness.
 Wig
sFor health and wellness purposes.
 Wigs protect the shaved heads of the
wealthy Egyptians from the harmful
rays of the sun
 Wigs allowed heat to escape.
 Water Clock
(Clepsydra)
Timekeeping device.
 Time is measured by determining
the amount of water remaining in
the device since it was full.
 It utilizes gravity that affects the
flow of
water from one vessel to the other.
06
Greek
Civilization
 Greek
Civilization
Greece is an archipelago in the
southeastern part of Europe.
 Birthplace of
Philosophy and
Mathematics.
 Contributed much to the
world in the fields
of Science and
Technology.
 Alarm
Clock
Large complicated mechanisms to
time the
alarm.
 It was made of water (small stones/
sand) that dropped into drums the
sounded the alarm.
 Plato utilized the alarm clock to
signal the start of his lecture – Four
Water Vessels lined up vertically
Water
Mill
 One of the most important
contributions of the Greek
Civilization.
 Commonly used in agricultural
processes
– milling of grains for food
production.
 It requires access to rivers or flowing
water where the mechanism of a
07
Roman
Civilizati
on
Roman
Civilization
 Strongest political and societal
entity.
 Cradle of politics and governance
during
ancient times.
 Model civilization in terms of
legislation
and codified laws.
Newspap
er
 Gazettes – first newspaper.
 It contained announcements of the
Roman
Empire to people.
 At first, engraved in metal or stone
tablets then publicly displayed.
 When the paper was invented, it
became more accessible and
convenient in publishing
government information.
Bound Books
(Codex)
 First books called codex.
 Record-keeping.
 Documenting historical events and
newly legislated laws.
 Literature.
 Invented covers which are made out
of wax and later on replaced by
animal skins, to protect the papyrus.
Roman
Architecture
 Continuation of Greek architecture.
 Pioneering in engineering technology on
architectural designs.
 They were able to preserve great
architectural designs because they
could produce sturdier and stronger
infrastructures.
 Redesigning old architectural patterns
was
supported and funded by the Roman
Government.
Roman
Numerals
 Roman’s own number system
 To address the need for a standard
counting method that would meet
the increasing demands in
communication and
trade.
08
Chinese
Civilizati
on
Chinese
Civilization
 Oldest civilization in Asia.
 Middle kingdom.
 China is located in the Far East of
Asia.
 Not a great amount was written
about ancient China partly due to
its distance from other
civilizations.
Sil
k The invention that connects China to
the
world.
 Silk is naturally produced by silk
worms, the Chinese were the ones
who developed the technology to
harvest the silk and process it to
c
produce paper and clothing. ,
 Silk trade made way for cultural,
economi
Tea
Production
 Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot
or boiling water over crushed or shredded
dried tea leaves.
 The first tea was drunk by a Chinese
Emperor.
 Unknown Chinese Inventor – created the
machine
that was able to shred tea leaves into
strips.
 This machine was done using a wheel-based
mechanism with sharp edges attached to a
Great Wall of
China
 The only man-made structure that could
be seen from outer space.
 The largest and most expensive
infrastructure that
the nation built.
 Constructed to keep out foreign invaders
and control
the borders of China.
 Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and
other
materials.
Gunpowd
er
 One of the most interesting inventions in China.
 Developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to
achieve
immortality.
 They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate,
but instead of creating an elixir of life, they
accidentally invented a black powder that could
actually generate large amounts of heat and gas
in an instant.
 Gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets from
Gunpowd
er
 Gunpowder propelled weapons are preferred by
raiders who plan attack at a distance and
attempts of invasion.
 Gunpowder is also used in fireworks during
important
celebrations in China.
Thank
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