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Data Management.lesson 2

The document explains how to create a frequency distribution, which summarizes a large number of observations into class intervals. It outlines the steps for determining class intervals, class size, class limits, and tallying observations, along with examples and graphical representations like histograms and frequency polygons. Additionally, it introduces cumulative frequency distributions, detailing less than and greater than cumulative frequencies.

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cristopher lamadora
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3 views

Data Management.lesson 2

The document explains how to create a frequency distribution, which summarizes a large number of observations into class intervals. It outlines the steps for determining class intervals, class size, class limits, and tallying observations, along with examples and graphical representations like histograms and frequency polygons. Additionally, it introduces cumulative frequency distributions, detailing less than and greater than cumulative frequencies.

Uploaded by

cristopher lamadora
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data

Management
Frequency Distribution

•Large number of observations are


usually presented using a frequency
distribution, which is a summary table
where data are arranged into
groupings.
To set up a frequency distribution, the following
should be done:

1. Determine the number of class intervals


or class groupings.
No. of class intervals = 1 + (3.322) (log n)
Where n is the total number of
values
2. Determine the width of the class interval, also
known as the class size.

• The range of a set of observations is the difference


between the largest and the smallest observations.
Range = Highest Value – Lowest Value
• The class size is the quotient of the range and the
number of desired class groupings. The width is
normally rounded up to the next whole number.
Class size =
3. Establish the class limits.

•The class limits should be defined to


include all observations in the data set.
Normally, the lowest score may be used
as the lower limit of the first class
interval.
4. Define the class boundaries of each
class interval to avoid overlapping.

•The class boundary is composed of the


lower class boundary and upper class
boundary. It is the number halfway
between the upper class limit of the
next class interval.
5. Tally the observations to get the
frequency for each class interval.

6. Determine the class mark or the


middle value of each class interval.
Class Mark =
To illustrate, the final scores of a group of 45 Grade
11 students in a school has 96 as the highest and
52 as the lowest scores. The steps for setting up the
frequency distribution table are as follows :
1. The number of class interval is
1 + (3.322) (log 45)
= 1 + (3.322) (1.6532)
= 1 + 6.49193
= 7.49193 ≈ 7
2. Range = 96 – 52 = 44
Class size = 44/7 = 6.29 round up to next whole number =
7.
3-6.
Class Class Frequen Class
Limits Boundari cy Mark
es
52-58 51.5-58.5 6 55
59-65 58.5-65.5 2 62
66-72 65.5-72.5 7 69
73-79 72.5-79.5 11 76
80-86 79.5-86.5 4 83
87-93 86.5-93.5 13 90
94-100 93.5- 2 97
A frequency distribution can be presented
graphically using any of the following:

1.Frequency polygon is a line graph where the frequency of


each class interval is plotted against the corresponding
class mark. The horizontal axis contains the class marks,
while the vertical axis the frequencies.
2.Histogram is a graph where rectangular bars are used to
present the frequency distribution. The horizontal axis
contains the class boundaries, while the vertical axis the
frequencies.
Histogram
Scores
14

12

10

0
55 62 69 76 83 90 97

Scores
Frequency Polygon
14
Scores
13

12

11

10

6 6

4 4

2 2 2

0
55 62 69 76 83 90 97
Scores
• A cumulative frequency distribution provides the
total frequencies less than or greater than a
particular value in the data set. The two types are
less than and greater than cumulative frequencies.
• The less than cumulative frequency (<cf) column
contains the accumulated sum of frequencies of each
class interval that is less than its corresponding upper
class boundary, while
• the greater than cumulative frequency (>cf) is one
where the accumulated sum of frequencies is greater
than the corresponding lower class boundary.
Class Class Freque Class (<cf) (>cf)
limits Boundarie ncy Mark
s
52-58 51.5-58.5 6 55 6 45

59-65 58.5-65.5 2 62 8 39

66-72 65.5-72.5 7 69 15 37

73-79 72.5-79.5 11 76 26 30

80-86 79.5-86.5 4 83 30 19

87-93 86.5-93.5 13 90 43 15

94-100 93.5-100.5 2 97 45 2
Practice

The latest scores of the students of


Maginhawa High School who took a
Science test are listed below:
92 78 73 89 98 89 83
75 83 100 69 71 96 67
81 73 88 86 82 94

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