Closed loop

Traverse Cal-
culations

By A.M
Outline:
 Definition of Traversing

 Types of Traverses

 Steps-by -steps procedures

Definition of Traversing:
Traversing is the method of using
 distances and
 directions of lines between points
to determine positions of the points.
Steps-by -steps by procedure:
 Determine directions of traverse side
 Fill in the traverse computation table
 Compute the angular error & adjust the
angles
 Compute azimuth
 Compute departure and latitude
 Compute the error of closure
 Compute correction for departure and
latitude
 Adjust departure and latitude
 Compute coordinates of X and Y
Determine directions of traverse
side:
 A  B? (left sided traverse)
 A  E? (right sided traverse)

E
D

92°20
145°37
A ’
’
86°26’
108°24
107°8 ’ C
’

B
Fill in the traverse computation
table:
Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizonta Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Station
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y

A 86°26’
E
D
B 107°8’
92°20
145°37
108°2 A ’
C ’
4’ 86°26’
108°24
107°8 ’ C
D 92°20’
’
E 145°3
7’ B

A
Compute the angular error & adjust
the angles: Error = -5’
Total = (n-2)(180) e = x - x t
Corr. = -(-5’) /5
n = 5, Total = 540°error = measured value – true
value = +1’
Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizonta Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Station
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y

A 86°26’ 86°27’
E
D
B 107°8’ 107°9’
92°21
145°38
C 108°2 108°2 A ’
’
4’ 5’ 86°27’
108°24
D 92°20’ 92°21’ 107°8 ’ C
’
E 145°3 145°3
7’ 8’ B

A
Compute azimuth:
AzBC = AzAB + B - 180° (left sided traverse) NB: Use Adjusted
AnglesE.g. Az = 141° 45’ + 107°9’ - 180° =
BC
68°54’
Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizonta Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Station
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y

A 86°26’ 86°27’
141°4
5’
B 107°8’ 107°9’
68°54’ E D
C 108°2 108°2
4’ 5’ 92°21
145°38
357°1 ’
A ’
141° 45’
9’
D 92°20’ 92°21’ 86°27’ 108°25
269°4 107°9 ’
C
0’ ’
E 145°3 145°3 B
Compute dep & lat:Lat = 315.65 Cos(141°45’) = -
AB

Latitude = Length*Cos(Az) 247.86

Departure = Length*Sin(Az) DepAB = 315.65 Sin(141°45’) =
Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizonta 195.40
Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Station
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y

A 86°26’ 86°27’
195.40 -247.86
141°4 315.6
5’ 2 E 269°40
B 107°8’ 107°9’ 1 8’
468.74 180.87 35° 502.06
68°54’ 502.4 2 .05
8 7
3 A 1
C 108°2 108°2

14 5.6
4’ 5’

1°
31
-8.28 176.76
54’

45
357°1 176.9
68 °

’
9’ 5 2.4

2
5 0
D 92°20’ 92°21’
-502.05 -2.92 B
269°4 502.0
0’ 6
Compute the error of closure:
 You should end up where you
started
o Sum of Lat’s = 0
o Sum of Dep’s = 0
 Linear Misclosure (error)
o A line connects starting and ending
point
eDeperror
o Linear = = length of
eLinline 2
 eLat 2
 eDep
0.03
eLat = 0.37
 0.36 2  0.032 0.37
 Relative Error
o Relates error to total distance surveyed
o Expressed as 1/xxxx
eLin 0.37 1
RE   
Length 1684.11 4550
Compute correction for dep & lat:
 Compass Rule – more common
o Assumes angles are as accurate as distances
o Proportion Lat, Dep error to length of side and total
distance
Correction is the term more popularly being used to de-
fine the magnitude of error but opposite in sign

  eLat    eDep 
Lat Length   Dep Length  
 Lengths   Lengths 
  0.36 
Lat AB 315.62    0.07
 1684.11 
  0.03 
DepAB 315.62    0.006  0.01
 1684.11 
 . . . correction for dep & lat:

Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizonta Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates

Station
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y

A 86°26’ 86°27’
195.40 -247.86
141°4 315.6 -.01 -.07
5’ 2
B 107°8’ 107°9’
468.74 180.87
68°54’ 502.4 -.01 -.11
3
C 108°2 108°2
4’ 5’
-8.28 176.76
357°1 176.9 0 -.04
9’ 5
D 92°20’ 92°21’
-502.05 -2.92 -.01 -.11
269°4 502.0
0’ 6
E 145°3 145°3
Adjust departure and latitude:

Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizonta Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates

Station
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y

A 86°26’ 86°27’
195.40 -247.86
141°4 315.6 -.01 -.07 195.39 -247.93
5’ 2
B 107°8’ 107°9’
468.74 180.87
68°54’ 502.4 -.01 -.11 468.73 180.76
3
C 108°2 108°2
4’ 5’
-8.28 176.76
357°1 176.9 0 -.04 -8.28 176.72
9’ 5
D 92°20’ 92°21’
-502.05 -2.92 -.01 -.11
269°4 502.0 -502.06 -3.03
0’ 6
E 145°3 145°3
Compute coordinates of X and Y:
XB = XA + Dep AB YB = YB + Lat AB

Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizonta Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates

Station
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y

A 86°26’ 86°27’ 100 300

195.40 -247.86
141°4 315.6 -.01 -.07 195.39 -247.93
5’ 2
B 107°8’ 107°9’ 52.07 295.3
9
468.74 180.87
68°54’ 502.4 -.01 -.11 468.73 180.76
3
C 108°2 108°2 232.8 764.1
4’ 5’ 3 2
-8.28 176.76
357°1 176.9 0 -.04 -8.28 176.72
9’ 5
D 92°20’ 92°21’ 409.5 755.8
5 4
-502.05 -2.92 -.01 -.11
269°4 502.0 -502.06 -3.03
Determine area enclosed:
en t
i g n m
As s
g
Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizonta Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Station
i n
ead
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y

A R
86°26’ 86°27’
195.40 -247.86
100 300
141°4 315.6 -.01 -.07 195.39 -247.93
E
5’ 2 D
B 107°8’ 107°9’ 52.07 295.3
92°20 9
145°37
468.74 180.87
A 68°54’ 502.4 ’ -.01 -.11
’ 468.73 180.76
86°26’
3
C 108°2 108°2 108°24 232.8 764.1
4’ 5’ ’ 3 2
107°8-8.28 176.76 C
’
357°1 176.9 0 -.04 -8.28 176.72
9’ 5
D 92°20’ 92°21’ B 409.5 755.8
5 4
-502.05 -2.92 -.01 -.11
269°4 502.0 -502.06 -3.03
Q&A

? Thanks!