Motion, Forces, and

Energy
Chapter 1: Motion and Momentum
Section 1: What is motion?
 All matter is constantly in motion.
 Motion involves a change
in position…
 An object changes position if it moves relative
to a reference point.
 To understand a reference point;
1) Picture yourself standing at the front office
2) Then, you walk to our classroom
3) When you reach our classroom, you have traveled
about 50 meters
4) Since the office is where we started, it would be our
reference point, because our position has changed
50 meters relative to the starting spot (the office)
and motion has occurred
 Distance and
Displacement
 Distance is the total length of the route an
object travels when it moves.
 Displacement includes distance and direction of
the stopping point from the starting point.
 Speed
 Speed- the distance traveled divided by the
time taken to travel the distance.
 Formula for speed:
 speed (s)= distance (d) / time (t) or
 s= d/t
 The for speed are meters per second (m/s).
 An object in motion can change speeds many
times as it moves from one point to another,
speeding up or slowing down.
 Average Speed
 Average speed- equals the total distance
traveled divided by the total time taken to travel
the distance.
Question: If it takes you 0.5 h to walk 2 km to
the library, what is your average speed?
 We solve this equation by using the s= d/t method:

1) Plug in the numerical digits into the equation

2) So, 2 km/0.5 h = ?
3) 4 km/h
 What is instantaneous
speed?
 Instantaneous speed- the speed of an object
at one instant of time.
 How do you graph
motion?
 Motion can be graphed on a distance-time graph
with time plotted on the horizontal axis (x-axis
or left to right) and distance plotted on the
vertical axis (y-axis or up and down).
 The steeper the line on a distance-time graph, the
greater the speed.
 A horizontal line on a distance-time graph
indicates that no change in position is occurring
and the speed is 0m/s.
 Velocity

 Velocity- speed of an object and its direction of

motion; velocity changes if either, or both, of
these changes.
 V= displacement (d) / time (t) or
 V= d/t
 Let’s solve some
equations!!! (Psst…Get
out your calculators)

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Section 2::
 Change in Velocity
 Each time you take a step
you are changing the
velocity of your body.
 You are probably most
familiar with the velocity
changes of a moving bus or
car.
 Acceleration- change in
velocity divided by the time
for the change to occur; it
can include an object’s
speeding up, slowing down,
 Calculating Acceleration
 Change in velocity = final – starting
velocity velocity
 Acceleration= final speed- starting speed
time
 Or: a= (sf-si)/t
 Acceleration= change in velocity
time
 Calculating Acceleration
(cont’d)
 The unit of acceleration is distance divided by
time squared; (m/s2).
 Acceleration is positive when an object speeds
up.
 Acceleration is negative when an object slows
down.
A car traveling at 60 mph accelerates to
90 mph in 3 seconds. What is the
car’s acceleration?
Velocity(final) - Velocity(original)
Acceleration =
time

90 mph - 60 mph
=
3 seconds

30 mph
=
3 seconds

= 10 mph/second
A car traveling at 60 mph slams on the breaks to
avoid hitting a deer. The car comes to a safe stop
6 seconds after applying the breaks. What is the
car’s acceleration?
Velocity(final) - Velocity(original)
Acceleration =
time

0 mph - 60 mph
=
6 seconds

- 60 mph
=
6 seconds

= - 10 miles per hour per second

 Graphing Acceleration
 Accelerated motion can be graphed on a speed-
time graph with speed on the vertical axis (y-axis
or up and down) and time on the horizontal axis
(x-axis or left to right).
 An object that is speeding up will have a line on a
speed-time graph that slopes upward.
 An object that is slowing down will have a line on
a speed-time graph that slopes downward.
 A horizontal line on the speed-time graph
represents an acceleration of zero or constant
speed.
 Positive
acceleration

Negative
acceleration
 - A constant
acceleration
produces a straight
line or linear slope
(rise/run).

- The slope of a
velocity-time graph
(rise/run) will predict
an objects
instantaneous
acceleration.

a = v/t
 0 or
constan
t speed
 Galileo
 1600’s
 Studied how things fell
 Rolled balls down an
inclined plane
 Found that the speed
increased as it rolled
down the ramp
 Galileo
Acceleration= change in
velocity
time
t=0
t = 1 second
t = 2 seconds
t = 3 seconds
 Galileo
 Same things happen when things fall
 Didn’t drop things from Tower
of Pisa
Time for Brainpop!
http://www.brainpop.com/science/
motionsforcesandtime/acceleration/
Acceleration Math
Equations

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 Practice Problem # 1
 Calculate the acceleration of a bus whose speed
changes from 6 m/s to 12 m/s over a period of 3
seconds.

 What do we know:
 Initial Speed: 6 m/s
 Final Speed: 12 m/s
 Time: 3 seconds
 Practice Problem 1
 Formula:
 a=s(f)–s(I)
_________________
TIME

A = 12 m/s – 6m/s
________________
3
 Answer to # 1
A= 6m/s
________________ = 2m/s ²
3 seconds
 Practice Problem # 2
 Suppose you were riding your bicycle in a
straight line and increased your speed from 4
m/s to 6 m/s in 5 seconds. Calculate your
acceleration.
 Answer to # 2
A= 6m/s – 4m/s
________________ = 0.4 m/s ²
5 seconds

Your acceleration is positive

 Practice Problem # 3
 Suppose you slow down from a speed of 4 m/s
to 2 m/s in 5 seconds. Now the final speed is
less than the initial speed. Calculate your
acceleration.
 Answer to # 3
A= 2 m/s – 4 m/s
________________ = - 0.4 m/s ²
5 seconds

Your acceleration is negative

Section 3: Momentum
 Mass and Inertia
Mass- the amount of matter in an object.
The SI unit for mass is the kilogram

Inertia- the tendency of an object to

resist a change in its motion.
Objects with more mass have more
inertia, thus is harder to change its
motion
 Momentum
 Momentum- a measure of how difficult it is to stop
a moving object; equals the product of mass and
velocity.
 Momentum is usually symbolized by p
 Momentum= mass X velocity or
 p= mv
 Momentum has units of kg multiplied by m/s
 Since velocity includes direction, momentum has the
same direction as velocity.
 Law of Conservation of
Momentum
 Law of conservation of momentum- the total
momentum of objects that collide with each
other does not change.
 There are many types of
collisions…
① Objects stick together and move still stuck
together, although possibly at different speeds.
Types of collisions (cont’d)
② Two objects bounce off each other when they
collide, and may transfer momentum from one
to the other.

• In both cases, the total momentum of the

objects that collide is the same before and
after the collision.
You know what’s coming…
(Math Equations!)

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 Practice Problem 1
Calculate the momentum of a 16-kg bicycle
traveling north at 3 m/s.
 Answer
 P = mv
 P = 16kg x 3m/s
 P = 48 kg m/s
 Practice Problem # 2
 Calculate the momentum of a 12-kg bicycle
traveling east at 2 m/s.
 Answer
 P = mv
 P = 24kg x 2m/s
 P = 24 kg m/s