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Lecture 05 - The Heat Equation

The document discusses Fourier's Law and the Heat Equation, focusing on heat conduction and temperature distribution. It explains how to calculate heat flux and temperature changes in various coordinate systems, including Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. The document also includes an example problem demonstrating the application of these concepts to find heat transfer rates and temperature changes in a wall.

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Erik Caballero
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Lecture 05 - The Heat Equation

The document discusses Fourier's Law and the Heat Equation, focusing on heat conduction and temperature distribution. It explains how to calculate heat flux and temperature changes in various coordinate systems, including Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. The document also includes an example problem demonstrating the application of these concepts to find heat transfer rates and temperature changes in a wall.

Uploaded by

Erik Caballero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME 345

Heat Transfer (HTx)

Professor:
Dr. Dan Cordon (AKA Dr. Dan)
FOURIER’S LAW
A rate equation that solves for the conduction
heat flux from a known temperature distribution.
• Its most general (vector) form for
multidimensional→ conduction is:
″
𝑞 =−𝑘 ∇ 𝑇
• Implications:
• Heat transfer is in the direction of
decreasing temperature (basis for minus sign)
• Fourier’s law serves to define the
thermal conductivity of the medium
• Direction of heat transfer is perpendicular to lines of
constant temperature (isotherms).
• Heat flux vector may be resolved into orthogonal
components.
FOURIER’S LAW
Application Questions:
• If the hot and cold sides were flipped, does that
change the rate of heat transfer through the
solid?

• Does the value of thermal conductivity change


the steady-state temperature distribution
through the wall?

• What parameters can you alter to


change the rate of heat passing
through a solid via conduction?
FOURIER’S LAW
• Space Shuttle ceramic, heat soaked in oven at
2200 degrees F.
• Just removed from oven (still glowing) seconds
prior.
FOURIER’S LAW
• Poor Decision?
• Why? Or Why Not?
FOURIER’S LAW – Coordinate Systems
THE HEAT EQUATION
Fourier’s Law allows us to calculate a heat flux
from a known temperature distribution.

Often we don’t know the temperature distribution.


We use the heat equation to relate boundary and
initial conditions (along with geometries and
material properties) to calculate a temperature
distribution.
• Use a differential control volume, and apply
conservation of energy
• Result is a differential equation
• Using known boundary conditions and initial
conditions this can be solved to determine the
temperature distribution
The HEAT EQUATION – Cartesian Coordinates
Consider homogeneous medium and taking a
differential chunk from it.
The heat rate at each surface:

The energy generation rate:

The energy storage rate:


The HEAT EQUATION – Cartesian Coordinates
The general form of conservation of energy is

Substituting in the terms from previous slide

And substituting in equations for the


x+dx, y+dy, and z+dz terms

Remembering Fourier’s Law for heat rates (qx, qy, and qz)
The HEAT EQUATION – Cartesian Coordinates
Substitute Fourier’s Law terms to get the general
form of the Heat Equation in cartesian coordinates

When you solve this equation you get the full complete
temperature distribution T(x, y, z) as a function of time!

Each term is just part of the conservation of energy


equation. For instance, is related to the net heat rate
into the control volume (qx – qx+dx) via conduction.
The HEAT EQUATION – Cartesian Coordinates

A simpler form of equation 2.17 comes from assuming


thermal conductivity is constant

In the equation above, is called thermal diffusivity.

Another simpler form is for Steady-State, where equation 2.17


becomes
he HEAT EQUATION – Cylindrical Coordinates

A similar set of equations exists for the Heat Equation


in cylindrical coordinates
The HEAT EQUATION – Spherical Coordinates

A similar set of equations exists for the Heat Equation


in spherical coordinates
THE HEAT EQUATION
Okay…now what?
Eventually we will be solving the Heat Equation as
a way to find the temperature distribution.
• In this class we will explore simpler cases (1D,
maybe some 2D, often steady-state).
• In graduate classes you will be able to solve (or
simulate) 3D transient problems.

Let’s do some calculations  assuming we know


the temperature distribution in the solid
Example Problem 2.2
At a certain instant in time the 1D temperature
distribution through a 1 [m] thick wall is:

Find:
1. Rate of heat transfer entering the wall (at x =
0), and leaving the wall (x = 1 [m])
2. Rate of change of energy storage in the wall
3. Time rate of temperature change at
a. x = 0
b. x = 0.25 [m]
c. x = 0.5 [m]
Example Problem 2.2
Example Problem 2.2
Assumptions:
• 1D temperature distribution (only changing in
x)
• Properties are uniform throughout the wall
• Properties are not changing with temperature
(or time)
• Heat generation term is uniform over entire
volume

Plan (Part 1)
• Rate of heat transfer can be found using
Fourier’s Law (since we already know the
temperature distribution)
Example Problem 2.2
Part 1
Example Problem 2.2
Plan (Part 2)
• Rate of change of energy storage in the wall will come
from the overall conservation of energy equation.
• We just found the energy coming in and the energy
leaving.
• If we solve for the energy generation we have
everything we need.
Example Problem 2.2
Plan (Part 3)
• Time rate of temperature change is a little trickier. But
we can get it by rearranging the Heat Equation.

• Evaluate the derivatives:

Note: above result is independent of position!


Example Problem 2.2
Plan (Part 3)
• Looking at our equation for time rate of temperature
change

None of the terms above depend on position. For this


problem the time rate of change in the wall is the same
•everywhere!
Substitute in values:

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