ENG-313

TOPIC: PARAGRAPH WRITING

Honourable Ma’am: Ms. Ayesha kokab

Group Members:
• Abdul Rafay
• Muhammad Mammon Freed
• ZUMAR AHMAD • Muhammad Hassan Naveed
• KASHAF NADEEM • Muhammad Adil
• ZAINAB KHAN • Muhammad Awais
• Muhammad Abdullah Javed
• Muhammad Salman Sarwar
Paragraph Writing: Master
the Art of Clear
Communication
Welcome to the world of paragraphs, the building blocks of compelling
writing. We'll explore their structure, types, and the secrets to crafting
effective and impactful paragraphs.
What is a
Paragraph?
A paragraph is a fundamental unit of
writing that conveys a single main
idea.
It usually contains several sentences
that are logically connected and work
together to support that main idea.

Think of it as a mini-essay, offering a

cohesive thought or observation within
a larger piece of writing.
The Structure of a
Paragraph
Topic Sentence
1 The main idea of the paragraph.

Supporting Sentences
2
Develop and explain the topic sentence.

Concluding Sentence
3
Restates the main idea.
 Topic Sentence
Topic Sentence Controlling idea

Controlling idea:
It guides the direction of the writing and ensures that all the
content within the paragraph or essay is focused and relevant
to the main topic.

Example:
1. Topic: The impact of social media on mental health.

Controlling idea:
The controlling idea focuses on the main argument or purpose of the
discussion. For example:" Social media use significantly contributes to increase
anxiety and depression among teenagers.”

Uncontrolled or Irrelevant Idea:

An irrelevant idea would divert attention away from the topic. For instance: "Social
media is a great tool for promoting small businesses.”
This statement is unrelated to the impact of social media on health and does not
contribute to the core discussion.
 Technique for Grabbing Reader’s Attention
The writers employ various techniques to make the introduction
engaging and compelling:

1. Thought-Provoking Statements: Example:

"What if the very tools we rely on to
Start with thought provocative statement that
connect us are, in fact, isolating us from one
that challenge the reader’s assumptions and
another?"
sparks curiosity.
Example:
2. Personal Stories: "I still remember the day I stood in the rain,
clutching my last paycheck,
Personal story can make the content wondering how I would make it through the
more relatable and engaging week."

3.Quatotions and Statistics: Example:

"Did you know that 1 in 5 children around
It highlight the topic importance and also these the world goes to bed hungry every
provide element provide credibility and context night?"
making more engaging.

Example:
4.Posing a problem or Dilemma: "What happens when the very technology
This create a sense of urgency. And courage meant to connect us starts to drive us
the reader to continue. apart?"
 BODY PARAGRAPH
It is crucial in developing the central arguments of thesis
presented in the introduction .These paragraph serve as the
backbone of the paragraph. Provide evidence and connects
ideas coherently.
Each body paragraph typically begins with a clear topic
1.Topic Sentence:
sentence that introduce the main idea.

2.Evidence and To Support the topic the writer should include relevant
Example evidence such quotations, data, findings or examples.it shows
the validity of the arguments.
3.Analysis and The writer must analyze and explain how evidence supports
Explanation: the paragraph’s main idea and overall thesis.

The paragraph body should follow logical structure with

4.Logical Structure:
each paragraph building the previous one.

5.Depth and Focus: Body paragraph should delve deeply into a single aspect .
Focus should remain on fully exploring the discussing the topic
sentence.

6.Coherence and Paragraph maintain coherence by ensuring that all the

Transition: sentence logical each other. Effective use of transition helps
and guide the reader to understand the topic.
 CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH
A Strong conclusion not only summarize the key points made in the body paragraphs
but also leave a lasting impression on reader.
The Restatement maintain the core idea
1.Restatement of the thesis: but adapts the language to summarize the
argument more comprehensively.

2.Summary the key point: Briefly summarize the key points discussed
in the body paragraphs.

Paragraph should end with a memorable closing

3.Closing thought: thought . This could be provocative question ,a
call to action or final reflection that leaves the
reader with something to ponder.

Focus should be wrapping up the

4.Avoiding New Information: discussion rather than opening new lines
of inquiry.
Conclusion should be concise and to the
5.Conciseness: point .Avoid unnecessary repetition or over
lengthy explanation.
Types of Paragraphs
Narrative Descriptive
Tells a story or recounts an Creates a vivid picture with
event. sensory details.

Expository Persuasive
Explains a topic or concept. Argues a point or convinces
the reader.
Narrative paragraphs
Essential Vocabulary:
First, Next, Then, After, Before, During, Suddenly,
Eventually, Finally, While, Meanwhile.

(words that connects ideas or sentence to

Transitional Words: make writing flow more smoothly)
Initially, subsequently, thereafter, eventually, in the
mean time, last, as soon as, in the end

Descriptive paragraphs
Essential Vocabulary:
Adjectives (vivid, intricate, delicate), sensory verbs
(glisten murmur, scent), spatial words (above, below,
beside, around

Transitional Words:
Above, below, beside, next to, in front of, behind,
around, near between, among, across
 EXPOSITORY paragraphs
Essential Vocabulary:
Explain, illustrate, define, describe, analyze, clarify, list,
demonstrate, outline, compare

(words that connects ideas or sentence to

Transitional Words: make writing flow more smoothly)
Additionally, furthermore, for example, in fact,
specifically, in other words, likewise, similarly, on the
other hand

Persuasive paragraphs
Essential Vocabulary:
Argue, assert, claim, contend, believe, support,
evidence, on, justify, recommend

Transitional Words:
Therefore, thus, consequently, as a result, in
conclusion, hence, ir this reason, clearly, evidently, it
follows that
z

A GOOD PARAGRAPH HAS

UNITY: Coherence:
if you make one If you organize and
point and stick to connect the specific
that point. evidence.

Variety: Good language:

It helps avoid monotony Grammatical
and refers to use different accuracy, correct
vocabulary and ideas. punctuation.

Support:
Supporting ideas, evidence
and examples, details
Effective Paragraph
Development
Strong Topic
1
Sentence
Clearly states the main
idea.

Detailed Supporting
2
Sentences
Provide evidence and examples.

Logical
3
Transitions
Connect ideas
smoothly.

Concise Conclusion
4
Summarizes the main
point.
Common Paragraph
Writing Mistakes
Lack of Focus Weak Topic
Too many ideas in one Sentence
Doesn't clearly state the
paragraph. main idea.

Insufficient Support
Not enough evidence or examples.
Tips for Crafting Great
Paragraphs

Plan Before Writing

Outline your ideas.

Read Aloud
Check for clarity and flow.

Get Feedback
Ask someone to review your work.