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Unit 3

The document provides an overview of data collection, including its characteristics, sources, types, and methods. It distinguishes between primary and secondary data, outlines various survey and observation methods, and discusses the significance and limitations of questionnaires. Additionally, it covers sampling concepts, techniques, and factors influencing sample size.

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Brawin Jeyaram J
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4 views

Unit 3

The document provides an overview of data collection, including its characteristics, sources, types, and methods. It distinguishes between primary and secondary data, outlines various survey and observation methods, and discusses the significance and limitations of questionnaires. Additionally, it covers sampling concepts, techniques, and factors influencing sample size.

Uploaded by

Brawin Jeyaram J
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Collection

Unit 3
Data?
“The process of
gathering and

measuring information”

on variables of interest
Characteristics of Data
• Accuracy
• Is the information correct?

• Completeness
• How comprehensive is the information?

• Reliability
• Does the information contradict other trusted resources?

• Relevance
• Do you really need this information?

• Timeliness
• Is it up to date?
Sources of data

“any location where you can find facts, figures, or other


relevant information to support your research”
Internal sources - collected from reports and records of the
organization itself

External sources - collected from sources outside the organization


Types of Data

Primary data

• Primary data means first-hand information collected by an investigator.

• It is collected for the first time.

• It is original and more reliable.

• For example, the population census conducted by the government of


India after every ten years is primary data
Secondary data

• Refers to second-hand information.

• Obtained from already published or unpublished sources.

• For example, the address of a person taken from the telephone


directory or the phone number of a company taken from Just Dial are
secondary data.
Methods of Collecting Data

• Primary Method
• Direct personal investigation

• Indirect oral investigation

• Information through correspondents

• Telephonic interview

• Mailed questionnaire

• The questionnaire filled by enumerators


• Secondary method
• Published sources
• magazines, journals, and periodicals published by various government, semi-
government, and private organizations

• Unpublished sources
• records maintained by various government and private offices.
Survey Vs. Observation

• Survey
• involves asking people questions directly to obtain information about their
attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

• Observation
• involves watching and recording behavior without any direct interaction with
individuals being observed
Survey Methods

• Personal interviewing

• Electronic interviewing

• Telephonic interviewing

• Mail interviewing
Observation Method

• Personal observation

• Mechanical observation – using a device

• Audit - reviewing

• Content analysis - manifest

• Trace analysis – evidences of past


Experiments

“Involves a systematic investigation designed to gather


empirical evidence about a specific business
phenomenon or hypothesis”
• Formulating Hypotheses: develop one or more

• Designing the Experiment:


• defining variables

• selecting participants (if applicable)

• determining the experimental conditions or treatments

• and outlining the procedures for data collection.

• Random Assignment

• Implementing the Experiment

• Data Collection

• Data Analysis

• Interpreting Results

• Reporting Findings
Questionnaire

“a method of primary data collection”

“comprises of different set of questions to get


answers”
Type of Questions
• Open ended questions
• No preset questions or scales
“What do you think about IPL?”

• Closed ended questions


• Answers within boundary
“Who will win the IPL 2024?”

a)KKR b)CSK c)RCB d) SRH


• Close ended question types
• Leading questions – to elicit a predictable answer
• a)Excellent b)Good c) Average d)Below Average

• Likert questions – level of agreement


• a)Strongly agree b) Agree c)Neutral d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree

• Dichotomous questions – limiting factors


• a)Yes b)No

• Bipolar questions – two extreme responses


• a)Excellent b)Good c) Average d)Poor

• Rating scale questions - rating


• 1,2,3,4,5
Types of Questionnaire

• Structured, Non-Disguised Questionnaire


• Pre arranged question set
• Do you own a car?
• a) Yes b) No

• If Yes, which brand?


• a) Maruti b) Tata c) Hyundai d) Toyota
• Non- Structured, Non-disguised Questionnaire

• Open ended questions not structured


• How do you feel about entrance examinations?

• Non-Structured, Disguised Questionnaire


• No pre arrangement & purpose of questioning not revealed

• Structured, Disguised Questionnaire


• Pre arranged & purpose of questioning not revealed
Construction of Questionnaire

1. Determine the need of information 6. Decide the length of questionnaire

2. Decide the type of questionnaire to be 7. Decide the layout of questionnaire


used
8. Include check questions
3. Decide the type of questions to be
9. Pre-testing of questionnaire
used

4. Decide the wording of questions


10. Final draft

5. Decide the sequence of questions


Precautions in Preparing
Questionnaire
• Logical arrangements of questions • Avoid personal questions

• Number of questions • Avoid transition between questions

• Remembered data questions • Avoid skip & jump questions

• Avoid vague questions • Quality

• Avoid leading questions • Easy to handle


Validity

“how well the results among the study


participants represent true findings among
similar individuals outside the study”
• Face validity
• whether a test appears to measure what it’s supposed to measure

• Content validity
• Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure?

• Criterion related validity


• Do the results accurately measure the concrete outcome they are designed to
measure?

• Construct validity
• Does the test measure the concept that it’s intended to measure?
Significance of Questionnaire

• Easy to design & Interpret

• Accessible to a large population

• Free from bias

• Sufficient time for respondents

• Maintains secrecy
Limitations of Questionnaire

• Complicated questions

• Suitability of respondents

• Possibility of invalid responses

• Low response rate

• Educated respondent

• Difference in context

• Misunderstanding
Sampling

“In which

fixed number of observations are taken

RANDOMLY”
Basic concepts of Sampling

• Target population • Census

• All the people • Population survey on literacy, income

• Statistical population • Sample frame

• Specific targets • Specific

• Sample • Sample unit


• Random picks
• A part of population
Characteristics of a Good Sample

• True representative • Good size

• Free from bias • Feasible

• Accurate • Goal orientation

• Comprehensive - of large scope • Practical

• Approachable • Economical
Sample Size

“the number of
observations

used for determining the


estimations

of a given population”
Factors influencing Sample Size
• Size of the universe
• Availability of resources
• Level of accuracy required
• Homogeneity of universe
• Nature of study
• Selection of sample technique
• Attitude respondents
• Degree of variability
Samplin
g
Procedu
re
What do we GAIN from SAMPLING?
Sampling
Techniques
• Probability Sampling
• is a sampling technique in which samples taken from a larger population are
chosen based on probability theory.

• Non-probability sampling method


• is a technique in which the researcher chooses samples based on subjective
judgment, preferably random selection

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