Amusement Park Forces

What is a Force?

FORCE = Any push or pull which

causes something to move or
change its speed or direction
 What is a Force?
Forces can be BALANCED or UNBALANCED

 Balanced forces are equal in size and

opposite in direction
 Unalanced forces are not equal in
size and/or opposite in direction. If
the forces on an object are
UNBALANCED, we say a NET force
results. Amusement Park Forces
First Law: An object at rest stays at
rest or an object in motion, stays in
motion (in the same direction/at the
same speed) unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force
 Also called the law of inertia
 Inertia
 A property of matter
 The tendency of an object to
resist any change in its motion
 The greater the mass the
greater the inertia
 The greater the speed the
greater the inertia
 Thus, Mass of an object is the
measure of its inertia.
Examples of Newton’s 1st
Law
Newtons’s 1st Law and You

Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.

Because of inertia, objects (including you)
resist changes in their motion. When the
car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the
brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80
m/hour.
Second law: The
greater the force
applied to an object,
the more the object
will accelerate. It
takes more force to
accelerate an object
with a lot of mass
than to accelerate
something with very
The player in black had more
little mass. acceleration thus he hit with a
greater amount of force
Second law:
 The greater the force, the greater the
acceleration
 The greater the mass, the greater the
force needed for the same acceleration
 Calculated by: F = ma
 (F = force, m = mass, a =
acceleration)
 THE LINEAR MOMENTUM

Linear Momentum refers to the

momentum of an object in a straight
line.
 Momentum = mass times velocity
 
p mv
Units - kg m/s
third law: For
every action
force, there is
an equal and
opposite
reaction force.
(Forces are
always paired)
Examples of Newton’s
3rd Law
a)rockets leaving earth
b)guns being fired
c) two cars hit head on
d) astronauts in space
e) pool or billiards
f) jumping out of a boat onto
the dock
Examples of Newton’s 3rd Law
 Newton’s Third Law
I.Whenever one object (object A) exerts a force
on another object (object B), the second
object exerts a force back on the first object.
II.These forces are ALWAYS equal in magnitude
(but they point in opposite directions).
III.Such forces are called “Newton’s third law
force pairs”.
IV.Not all forces that are equal and opposite
are third law force pairs.
V.The forces are on different bodies, so do not
add to zero.
Momentum: The quantity of motion
 A property of moving objects
 Calculated by: P = mv
 (p = momentum, m = mass, v =
velocity)
 Law of conservation of
momentum:
momentum the total amount of
momentum of a group of objects
does not change unless outside
Rollercoaster

forces act on the objects Momentum

 AN IMPULSE
 Collisions involve forces (there is a v).

 Impulse = force times time.

 
I  Ft

Units - N s or lb s
AN IMPULSE CAUSES A CHANGE
MOMENTUM

Impulse = change in momentum

 
F ma 
 v
F m
t
 
Ft mv
  
Ft mv
 
Ft m(v f  vi )
  
Ft (mv f  mvi )
  
Ft ( p f  pi )
 
I  p
I. Consider a hard ball and a clay ball
that have +10 units of momentum
each just before hitting a wall.
II. The clay ball sticks to the wall and
the hard ball bounces off with -5
units of momentum.
III. Which delivered the most “punch”
to the wall?
Initial momentum of the clay ball is 10.
Final momentum of clay ball is 0.
The change is 0 - 10 = - 10.
It received - 10 impulse so it
applied + 10 to the wall.
Initial momentum of the hard ball is 10.
Final momentum of hard ball is - 5.
The change is - 5 - 10 = - 15.
It received - 15 impulse so it
applied + 15 to the wall.
CONSERVATION OF LINEAR
MOMENTUM

Example:
Rifle and bullet

Demo - Rocket balloon

Demo - Clackers
Video - Cannon Shoot
Video – Scooter Propulsion
 IN COLISIONS AND EXPLOSIONS

Elastic collision is a type of collision

which obeys both the law of
conservation of momentum& kinetic
energy.
Inelastic collision is a type of collision
which obeys only the law of
conservation but not the law of
kinetic.
 Before
When Fext = 0, collision

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

After
collision
Consider two objects, 1 and 2, and assume that no
external forces are acting on the system composed
of these two particles.
  
Impulse applied to object 1 F1t m1v1  m1u1
  
Impulse applied to object 2 F2 t m2 v2  m2u2
 
Apply Newton’s Third Law F1  F2
 
or F1t  F2 t
Total impulse
applied    
0 m1v1  m1u1  m2 v2  m2u2
to system
or
   
m1u1  m2u2 m1v1  m2 v2
In one dimension in component form,

m1u1  m2u2 m1v1  m2 v2

 Internal forces cannot cause a
change in momentum of the
system.
 For conservation of momentum,
the external forces must be zero.
A 20 g marble travels to the right
at 0.4 ms-1 on a smooth, level
surface. It collides head-on with a
60 g marble moving to the left at
0.2 ms-1. After collision, the 20 g
marble rebounds at 0.1 ms-1. Find
the velocity of the 60 g marble.
 Solution

Step 1 Before collision:

0.2ms-1
Make a sketch
0.4ms-1
showing the direction, + ve
masses and velocities
of each object before
0.06kg
collision. 0.02kg

Step 2 Assume that the 0.06 kg marble

continues to move to the left after
Assign one direction as the collision at a velocity v. Take the
the positive direction. direction to the left as positive.
 After collision
Before collision:
Step 3 0.2ms-1
0.4ms-1
Make a sketch 0.1ms-1
+ ve v
showing the direction,
masses and velocities
0.06kg
of each object after 0.02kg
collision. 0.06kg
0.02kg
Step 4 As no external force exists
Write down the during the collision,
equation for by the law of conservation of
conservation of momentum
momentum and
substitute the known m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
values of each object (0.06 kgm*1u0.2
1 ms-1) + (0.02mkg*-0.4ms
2u2
-1
)
after collision.
= (0.06
m1vkg
1 * v) + m2kg*0.1ms
+ (0.02 v2 -1
)
Step 5
The velocity
-1 of the 60 g marble
Solve the equation to find v = 0.033 ms -1
is 0.033 ms to the left.
out the unknown value.
 IN COLLISIONS AND
EXPLOSIONS
 Collisionsinvolve forces internal to
colliding bodies.
 Inelastic
collisions - conserve
momentum
 Totally
inelastic collisions - conserve
momentum and objects stick together
 A PERFECTLY ELASTIC
COLLISION
 Perfectly
elastic collisions -
conserve energy and momentum
2 2 2 2
1
2 mu  m u  mv  m v
1 1
1
2 2 2
1
2 1 1
1
2 2 2

m1u1  m2u2 m1v1  m2 v2

 Head-On Totally Inelastic
Collision Example

vtruck 60mph vcar 60mph

 Let the mass of the truck be 20 times

the mass of the car.
 Using conservation of momentum, we
get
20 m(60 mph)  m( 60 mph) (21 m)v
19(60 mph) 21v
19
v  (60 mph)
21
v 54.3 mph
 Remember that the car and the truck
exert equal but oppositely directed
forces upon each other.
 What about the drivers?
 The truck driver undergoes the same
acceleration as the truck, that is

(54.3  60) mph  5.7 mph


t t
The car driver undergoes the same acceleration as the car, that is

54.3 mph  ( 60 mph) 114 .3 mph


t t
The ratio of the magnitudes of these two accelerations is

114 .3
20
5.7
Remember to use Newton’s Second Law to see
the forces involved.

 For the truck driver his mass times his acceleration

gives

ma F
 For the car driver his mass times his greater

a F
acceleration gives

m
 Don’t mess with
TRUCKS.
T
 Your danger is of the order of twenty
times greater than that of the truck
driver.
 COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION

For any collision between two bodies moving

along a single straight line, the coefficient of
restitution e is defined as

v2 x  v1x
e
u1x  u2 x
 v2 x  v1x
e
u1x  u2 x
u’s are velocities before impact.
v’s are velocities after impact.
For perfectly elastic collisions e = 1.
For inelastic collisions e < 1.
For totally inelastic collisions e = 0.
 Simple Examples of Head-On Collisions

(Energy and Momentum are Both Conserved)

Collision between two objects of the same mass. One mass is at rest.

Collision between two objects. One at rest initially has twice the mass.

Collision between two objects. One not at rest initially has twice the mass.
 Example of Non-Head-On Collisions

(Energy and Momentum are Both Conserved)

Collision between two objects of the same mass. One mass is at rest.

If you vector add the total momentum after collision,

you get the total momentum before collision.
 CENTER OF MASS AND
CENTER OF GRAVITY
Center of mass - average position of mass

Center of gravity - average position of weight

..

Earth