TERMS to REMEMBER

 Heredity – passing of
characters from parents to
offspring
 gene/s – the basic unit of
heredity passed from parent to
child. Genes are located on the
 TERMS to REMEMBER
 allele – a different form of a
gene that controls a certain
trait.
AA – homozygous
dominant
Aa – heterozygous
 TERMS to REMEMBER
 Genotype – the genetic make up of an
organism. Example:
AA – homozygous dominant
Aa – heterozygous
aa – homozygous recessive
 Phenotype – physical appearance/
observable characteristics that can be
measured. Example: height, weight,
 TERMS to REMEMBER
 dominant – controlling or being
more powerful or important
than all others. Will be
expressed.

 recessive – a trait tends to be

masked by other inherited
 TERMS to REMEMBER
 Homozygous (AA/aa) – having
two identical alleles of a
particular gene/s.
 Heterozygous (Aa) – having
two different alleles of a
particular gene/s.
 TERMS to REMEMBER
 Punnett square - the method
by which one can determine all
the possible outcomes of a
genetic cross.
It is named after Reginald C.
Punnett.
 TERMS to REMEMBER

 Offspring -the product

of the reproductive
processes of a person,
animal, or plant
 TERMS to REMEMBER
 Antigen – a substance that when
introduced into the body stimulates
the production of antibody.

 Gamete – are reproductive cells

that unite during sexual
reproduction to form a new cell
called zygote.
Incomplete Dominance
Pattern of heredity in
which the alleles are
neither dominant
nor recessive

Two alleles/ traits

blend together
Pattern of heredity in which the
Incomplete
alleles are neitherDominance
dominant nor
recessive

Examples: 1. Japanese
four o’clock
plant
2.
Incomplete Dominance
 Flower color in four o’clock plant.
 When a pure red-flowered four
o’clock plant is crossed with a pure
white-flowered four o’clock plant.
 The offspring will produce neither
red nor white flowers, all flowers will
be pink.
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Pattern of
heredity in
which one allele
is not dominant
over the other.
Codominance
 Example: Roan fur in
cattle
red (RR =all red hairs)
white (rr =all white
hairs)
roan (Rr = red and
white hairs together)
Codominance
 Multiple Alleles

A gene that is
controlled by more
than two alleles
 Multiple Alleles
 Example: ABO blood group system in
human
 Three alleles are responsible for this blood
system: , (A,B,O)
 The ABO blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of two antigens, A
and B.
 Allele (O) does not code for antigen. There
are four possible blood types.
 Multiple Alleles: KEY
CONCEPTS
In humans, there are four blood types
(phenotypes): A, B, AB, O.
Blood type is controlled by three alleles: A,
B, O.
O is recessive, two O alleles must be present
for a person to have type O blood.
A and B are codominant. If a person receives
an A allele and a B allele, their blood type is
type AB.
 Multiple Alleles: KEY
CONCEPTS
 Universal donor is
O negative blood can be used in
transfusions for any blood type

Universal recipient is
AB positive blood type is known as the
“universal recipient” because AB positive patients
can receive red blood cells from all blood types.
Multiple Alleles: Color coats of
Color Coat
Rabbits
Pattern of Genotypes

Agouti (C) – dark CC

(Phenotypes) Inheritance

brown or fully C
colored coat C
Most dominant
Chinchilla – gray
or light gray
colored coat
More dominant
Multiple Alleles: Color coats of
Rabbits
Color Coat (Phenotypes) Pattern of Inheritance Genotypes

Himalayan (is a Dominant

combination of black & c
white color, sometimes
the entire body is white
but the leg parts, paws
areas and tail are black,
or sometimes the entire
body is black but the
ventral (belly) part and
legs are white
Multiple Alleles: Color coats of
Rabbits
Color Coat Pattern of Inheritance Genotypes

Recessive cc
(Phenotypes)
Albino (c) – pure
white colored coat
SEX RELATED
PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE
 SEX RELATED PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE

 Sex-linked traits
 Sex-limited traits
 Sex-influenced traits
 Sex Chromosomes & Sex
Determination
Humans have 46
chromosomes in each cell
Sex Other
Chromosome Chromosome
MALE XY 46
FEMALE XX 46
 Sex Chromosomes & Sex
Determination
Humans have 46
chromosomes in each cell
23 pairs of chromosomes
for both males and females
Male (XY), Female (XX)
Sex Chromosomes & Sex
Determination
 Sex-Linked traits
 Pattern of inheritance which
trait is carried on one of the
sex-determining chromosomes.
Genes located on the X chromosomes
are called X-linked genes.
Genes located on the Y chromosomes
are called Y-linked genes.
 Sex-Linked traits: X-linked
traits
 Hemophilia – a recessive genetic
disease in which the blood does not clot
normally due to the insufficient amount
of blood-clotting proteins.
 Color blindness – a recessive genetic
disease in which the person has inability
to distinguish some colors such as red
and green.
 Sex- Limited Traits
 Generally autosomal.
 Expressed in only one sex.
 Examples: Milk production in female
Female Genotypes Female Phenotypes
XXLL Female lactating
XXLI Female lactating
XXII Female not lactating
Male Genotypes Male Phenotypes
XYLL Male not lactating
XYLI Male not lactating
XYII Male not lactating
 Sex- Influenced Traits
 Also autosomal, it means that their genes
are not carried on to the sex chromosomes.
 Pattern of baldness in humans
Male Genotypes Male Phenotypes
XYBB Male bald
XYBb Male bald
XYbb Male non-bald
Female Genotypes Female Phenotypes
XXBB Female bald
XXBb Female non-bald
XXbb Female non-bald
 TERMS to REMEMBER
 Genes are located in the
chromosomes.
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)-
contains the information needed to
form and control the physical make
up and chemical process of an
organism.
TERMS to REMEMBER
 TERMS to REMEMBER
 DNA is a double-stranded helix
made up of repeating units of
nucleotides.
 Nucleotide is composed of: sugar
and phosphate molecules, &
nitrogenous bases.
 The bases can be: adenine,
DNA: The Genetic Material
 Deoxyribonucleic
Acid, passed on
from one generation
to the next
continuity of life
 Watson & Crick
DNA: The Genetic Material
DNA: The Genetic Material
DNA: The Genetic Material
Nitrogenous
bases

 Adenine=Thymi
ne

 Cytosine=Guani
ne
DNA: ACTIVITY